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Genomic Imprinting and Inheritance02:30

Genomic Imprinting and Inheritance

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Diploid organisms inherit genetic material through chromosomes from both parents. Copies of the same gene are known as alleles. In most cases, both alleles are simultaneously expressed and allow various cellular processes to function optimally. If one of the alleles is missing or mutated, the expression of the other allele can compensate; however, this is not true for all genes.
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Epigenetic changes alter the physical structure of the DNA without changing the genetic sequence and often regulate whether genes are turned on or off. This regulation ensures that each cell produces only proteins necessary for its function. For example, proteins that promote bone growth are not produced in muscle cells. Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.
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Epigenetic Regulation01:46

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Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.
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Imprinting01:22

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Behavioral imprinting is observed in some newborn animals and occurs when they develop strong and specific attachments to another animal (usually a parent) following brief, early-life exposures. Offspring imprint onto parents within a brief period after birth or hatching; this time window is called the critical period. Once imprinting occurs, the bond established between the parents and their offspring is usually long-lasting.
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Cis-regulatory sequences are short fragments of non-coding DNA that are present on the same chromosomes as the genes that they regulate. These fragments serve as binding sites for transcriptional regulators, proteins that are responsible for controlling gene transcription and differential gene expression across cell types in eukaryotes. Cis-regulatory sequences can be close to the gene of interest or thousands of bases away in the DNA sequence; however, those sequences that are further away are...
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Epigenetics is the study of inherited changes in a cell's phenotype without changing the DNA sequences. It provides a form of memory for the differential gene expression pattern to maintain cell lineage, position-effect variegation, dosage compensation, and maintenance of chromatin structures such as telomeres and centromeres. For example, the structure and location of the centromere on chromosomes are epigenetically inherited. Its functionality is not dictated or ensured by the underlying...
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[Evolutionary Aspects of Genomic Imprinting].

E A Sazhenova1,2, I N Lebedev1

  • 1Research Institute of Medical Genetics, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, 634050 Russia.

Molekuliarnaia Biologiia
|February 10, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Genomic imprinting, where only one parental copy of a gene is active, is an evolutionary puzzle. This review explores why this epigenetic mechanism evolved in diverse species like plants, insects, and mammals.

Keywords:
DNA methylationbraineukaryotesevolutiongenomic imprintingplacenta

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Area of Science:

  • Epigenetics
  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Genomic imprinting is an epigenetic process causing monoallelic gene expression based on parental origin.
  • It presents an evolutionary paradox, incurring diploidization costs without apparent benefits like recessive mutation protection.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the evolutionary origins and fixation of genomic imprinting.
  • To understand why this phenomenon evolved independently in angiosperms, insects, marsupials, and placental mammals.

Main Methods:

  • This is a review article, synthesizing existing research and evolutionary theories.
  • Comparative genomics and evolutionary developmental biology approaches are discussed.

Main Results:

  • Genomic imprinting is a widespread phenomenon across diverse taxa.
  • The review synthesizes hypotheses explaining its persistence despite evolutionary costs.

Conclusions:

  • Genomic imprinting likely arose due to specific selective pressures related to parental conflict or resource allocation.
  • Understanding imprinting's evolution provides insights into genome regulation and mammalian development.