Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Layers of the Epidermis01:21

Layers of the Epidermis

6.7K
The epidermis, the outermost layer of the skin, is composed of several distinct layers. From deep to superficial, the layers of the epidermis are as follows:
Stratum Basale
Stratum basale, also known as the stratum germinativum, is the deepest layer of the epidermis. It is composed of a single layer of actively dividing cells called basal cells or basal keratinocytes. These cells constantly undergo cell division to replenish the upper layers of the epidermis. Additionally, melanocytes, which...
6.7K
Renewal of Skin Epidermal Stem Cells01:12

Renewal of Skin Epidermal Stem Cells

2.8K
The skin is divided into epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis, the skin's outermost, middle, and inner layers. The human epidermal layer regularly undergoes renewal, where old, dead cells are replaced by new cells. Epidermal stem cells or EpiSCs divide and differentiate to restore the lost cells. For the renewal process, some EpiSCs continuously self-renew. In contrast, few others differentiate into transit-amplifying cells, which later form prickle or spinous cells, followed by granular...
2.8K
Papillary Dermis01:11

Papillary Dermis

4.8K
Dermis
The dermis might be considered the "core" of the integumentary system, as distinct from the epidermis and hypodermis. It contains blood and lymph vessels, nerves, and other structures, such as hair follicles and sweat glands. The dermis is made of two layers of connective tissue that comprise an interconnected mesh of elastin and collagenous fibers, produced by fibroblasts.
Papillary Layer
The papillary layer is made of loose, areolar connective tissue, which means the collagen...
4.8K
Cells of the Epidermis01:24

Cells of the Epidermis

6.1K
The epidermis is made of four or five layers of epithelial cells, depending on its location in the body. From deep to superficial, these layers are the stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, and stratum corneum.
The cells in all these layers except the stratum basale are called keratinocytes, a type of cell that manufactures and stores the protein keratin. The keratinocytes in the stratum corneum are dead and regularly slough away, being replaced by cells from...
6.1K
Sensory Functions of the Skin01:16

Sensory Functions of the Skin

7.1K
The skin is the largest organ of the human body and plays a crucial role in our sensory perception. It contains a vast network of sensory receptors that contribute to the skin's protective function by perceiving physical, biological, and environmental cues and generating relevant responses.
There are two main categories of receptors on the skin: capsulated and non-capsulated. The non-capsulated ones are mainly the pain receptors. The capsulated ones can be further categorized based on the...
7.1K
Reticular Dermis01:15

Reticular Dermis

4.0K
The papillary and reticular dermis are the two layers of the dermis. They are made of connective tissue with fibers of collagen extending from one to the other, making the border between the two somewhat indistinct. The dermal papillae extending into the epidermis belong to the papillary layer, whereas the dense collagen fiber bundles below belong to the reticular layer.
Reticular Layer
Underlying the papillary layer is the much thicker reticular layer, composed of dense, irregular connective...
4.0K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Depicting the Immunological Landscape of Basal Cell Carcinoma Subtypes.

Journal of cutaneous pathology·2026
Same author

Influence of substrate thickness on cell-perceived stiffness: a computational study.

Biomechanics and modeling in mechanobiology·2026
Same author

Hurricane air-sea drag saturation and sea-state dependence revealed by surface drones.

Science advances·2026
Same author

Multiomics analysis reveals dermokine as a regulator of keratinocyte differentiation and adhesion.

JCI insight·2026
Same author

Preclinical and clinical studies on kidney allograft tolerance via hematopoietic chimerism.

American journal of transplantation : official journal of the American Society of Transplantation and the American Society of Transplant Surgeons·2026
Same author

Advancing Hope Through Science: The Inaugural Richard Slayman International Workshop on Xenotransplantation.

Transplantation·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 18, 2025

Author Spotlight: Enhancing Skin Model Diversity with Cost-Effective 3D Cellular Models
08:32

Author Spotlight: Enhancing Skin Model Diversity with Cost-Effective 3D Cellular Models

Published on: October 20, 2023

3.5K

A biphasic multilayer computational model of human skin.

David Sachs1, Adam Wahlsten1, Sebastian Kozerke2

  • 1ETH Zurich, Institute for Mechanical Systems, Zürich, Switzerland.

Biomechanics and Modeling in Mechanobiology
|February 10, 2021
PubMed
Summary

This study models human skin's layered mechanical properties, revealing the reticular dermis is key in tension. Softer upper skin layers significantly impact suction responses due to fluid movement.

Keywords:
Biphasic materialHuman skinHyperelasticityInverse analysisPoroelastic soft tissue

More Related Videos

Generation of Self-assembled Vascularized Human Skin Equivalents
09:04

Generation of Self-assembled Vascularized Human Skin Equivalents

Published on: February 12, 2021

6.9K
Generation of a Simplified Three-Dimensional Skin-on-a-chip Model in a Micromachined Microfluidic Platform
06:30

Generation of a Simplified Three-Dimensional Skin-on-a-chip Model in a Micromachined Microfluidic Platform

Published on: May 17, 2021

4.6K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Nov 18, 2025

Author Spotlight: Enhancing Skin Model Diversity with Cost-Effective 3D Cellular Models
08:32

Author Spotlight: Enhancing Skin Model Diversity with Cost-Effective 3D Cellular Models

Published on: October 20, 2023

3.5K
Generation of Self-assembled Vascularized Human Skin Equivalents
09:04

Generation of Self-assembled Vascularized Human Skin Equivalents

Published on: February 12, 2021

6.9K
Generation of a Simplified Three-Dimensional Skin-on-a-chip Model in a Micromachined Microfluidic Platform
06:30

Generation of a Simplified Three-Dimensional Skin-on-a-chip Model in a Micromachined Microfluidic Platform

Published on: May 17, 2021

4.6K

Area of Science:

  • Biomechanics
  • Materials Science
  • Dermatology

Background:

  • Human skin exhibits complex mechanical behavior crucial for its protective functions.
  • Understanding layer-specific mechanics is vital for accurate modeling and applications like prosthetics or cosmetic surgery.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the layer-specific mechanical behavior of human skin.
  • To develop and validate a biphasic model differentiating skin layers (epidermis, papillary dermis, reticular dermis, hypodermis).

Main Methods:

  • Proposed a biphasic, multilayered computational model of human skin.
  • Performed inverse analysis of ex vivo tensile and in vivo suction experiments.
  • Utilized magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for in vivo deformation visualization.

Main Results:

  • Predicted a stiff reticular dermis, with successively softer papillary dermis, epidermis, and hypodermis.
  • Demonstrated the reticular dermis dominates tensile loading response.
  • Showcased upper layers' influence on suction response, driven by interstitial fluid redistribution.

Conclusions:

  • The multilayered structure significantly dictates skin's mechanical response under tension and suction.
  • The biphasic model accurately predicts layer-specific deformation patterns observed experimentally.
  • Interstitial fluid dynamics are critical for the dissipative mechanical properties of skin during suction.