PDT-Enhanced Ferroptosis by a Polymer Nanoparticle with pH-Activated Singlet Oxygen Generation and Superb...

In this study, we reported a nanocomplex (PAF) of PEGylated polygalacturonic acid, 5,10,15,20-tetrakis (4-aminophenyl) porphyrin (TAPP), and Fe³⁺ for photodynamic therapy (PDT)-enhanced ferroptosis in cancer treatment. PAF exhibited a size of 135 nm and a TAPP and Fe³⁺ loading content of 6.99 and 0.77%, respectively. The singlet oxygen (¹O₂) generation capacity of TAPP can be activated and significantly enhanced at acidic pH (4.5-5.0). Besides, the enhanced near-infrared absorption of TAPP at acidic pH enabled a further increase in ¹O₂ generation capability by a near-infrared laser (760 nm). The polysaccharide-based polymer carrier offers excellent biocompatibility, and PAF displayed a proliferative effect in both normal (L929) and cancer (B16) cells. However, upon light irradiation, PAF exhibited high toxicity to B16 melanoma cells by intracellular reactive oxygen species elevation, glutathione depletion, and lipid peroxidation. PAF displayed a much better anticancer effect than the nanocomplex containing Fe³⁺ or TAPP alone, indicating the PDT-enhanced ferroptosis in PAF. This study suggested that PDT-enhanced ferroptosis could be a facile and robust strategy of nanotherapeutics with high potency, tumor selectivity, and excellent biocompatibility.