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A single nucleotide polymorphism or SNP is a single nucleotide variation at a specific genomic position in a large population. It is the most prevalent type of sequence variation found in the human genome. Point mutations that occur in more than 1% of the population qualify as SNPs. These are present once every 1000 nucleotides on an average in the human genome. Replacement of a purine with another purine (A/G) or a pyrimidine with another pyrimidine (C/T) is known as a transition. In contrast,...
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Microorganisms play a fundamental role in vaccine development, gene therapy, and therapeutic production. Their biological properties are harnessed to advance medicine and public health. Beyond immunization, microorganisms contribute to gut health, antibiotic synthesis, and genetic disease treatment.Live Attenuated and Inactivated VaccinesLive attenuated vaccines, such as the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine, utilize weakened forms of pathogens to closely resemble natural infections.
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Simple proteins and protein complexes contain only amino acids. In contrast, many other proteins, called conjugated proteins, covalently bond with non-protein moieties.
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SARS-CoV-2: An Update on Genomics, Risk Assessment, Potential Therapeutics and Vaccine Development.

Iqra Mehmood1, Munazza Ijaz1, Sajjad Ahmad2

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Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) causes COVID-19, spreading globally despite mutations. This review details its genome, transmission, symptoms, risk factors, mutations, and current therapeutic and vaccine development efforts.

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Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Public Health
  • Genomics

Background:

  • Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a global public health threat causing COVID-19.
  • The virus has spread to over 200 countries, infecting millions worldwide.
  • Despite similarities to SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2 possesses novel mutations impacting its behavior.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the genome organization and structure of SARS-CoV-2.
  • To discuss transmission dynamics, symptoms, and risk factors associated with COVID-19.
  • To present recent genomic mutations, therapeutic strategies, and vaccine development.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review and synthesis of existing research on SARS-CoV-2.
  • Analysis of genomic data, transmission patterns, and clinical manifestations.
  • Compilation of information on therapeutic interventions and vaccine research.

Main Results:

  • SARS-CoV-2 exhibits unique genomic mutations differentiating it from related coronaviruses.
  • Transmission dynamics, symptoms, and risk factors are elaborated, highlighting vulnerable populations.
  • Current therapeutic options and ongoing vaccine development efforts are summarized.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding SARS-CoV-2's genome, transmission, and mutations is crucial for public health.
  • Awareness and specific measures are vital to reduce transmission, especially among vulnerable groups.
  • This review provides updated insights for researchers and the public on the COVID-19 pandemic.