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Related Concept Videos

Complement System01:27

Complement System

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The complement system is a group of approximately 20 plasma proteins that strengthen the body's defenses against infections through opsonization, inflammation, and cell lysis. Opsonization involves coating pathogens with complement proteins, making them more recognizable and facilitating phagocyte engulfment. Certain complement proteins induce inflammation that attracts immune cells to the site of infection. Cell lysis involves the destruction of pathogens through the formation of a...
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Selectins01:25

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Cell adhesion is  an essential aspect of multicellularity. While stable cell interactions usually occur between cells of the same type, transient cell interactions occur between cells of different tissue types, such as between neutrophils and endothelial cells. Selectins are one class of cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) that bind carbohydrate ligands to form transient cell adhesion. They are rod-like proteins with a long extracellular part of variable length ending with the lectin domain,...
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Complement activation products vs standard ANA testing: Treatment outcomes, diagnosis, and economic impact (CAPSTONE) in systemic lupus erythematosus.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 17, 2025

Methods for Quantitative Detection of Antibody-induced Complement Activation on Red Blood Cells
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Methods for Quantitative Detection of Antibody-induced Complement Activation on Red Blood Cells

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A Review of Complement Activation in SLE.

Arthur Weinstein1,2,3, Roberta V Alexander4, Debra J Zack4

  • 1Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA. aw89@georgetown.edu.

Current Rheumatology Reports
|February 11, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Measuring complement split products in plasma and on blood cells shows promise for diagnosing and monitoring systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). These markers, unlike traditional complement proteins, better reflect disease activity and potential complications.

Keywords:
ComplementComplement activation measurementDisease activityLupus nephritisSystemic lupus erythematosus

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Rheumatology
  • Clinical Chemistry

Background:

  • Complement activation is central to systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) pathogenesis, causing inflammation and tissue damage.
  • Traditional markers like C3 and C4 in serum/plasma offer limited insight into active disease processes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare the diagnostic and prognostic utility of plasma complement split products and cell-bound complement activation products (CB-CAPs) against standard complement protein measurements in SLE.
  • To evaluate the role of these markers in disease monitoring and predicting adverse outcomes.

Main Methods:

  • Review and analysis of studies measuring complement split products (e.g., C3dg, iC3b, C4d, Bb) in plasma.
  • Assessment of cell-bound complement activation products (CB-CAPs) including erythrocyte-bound C4d (EC4d), B cell-bound C4d (BC4d), and platelet-bound C4d (PC4d).
  • Correlation of marker levels with SLE diagnosis, disease activity, lupus nephritis, antiphospholipid syndrome, and thrombosis.

Main Results:

  • Elevated plasma complement split products (C3dg, iC3b) and their ratios to parent proteins correlate with active SLE.
  • Cell-bound complement activation products (CB-CAPs), particularly EC4d, show stronger correlation with lupus disease activity than plasma C3/C4 levels.
  • Elevated EC4d and PC4d are associated with thrombosis in SLE and antiphospholipid syndromes, with anti-beta2glycoproteinI antibodies potentially activating complement.

Conclusions:

  • Abnormal levels of plasma complement split products and CB-CAPs confirm complement activation's significant role in SLE and antiphospholipid syndromes.
  • These novel markers demonstrate considerable potential for improving SLE diagnosis and disease activity monitoring.
  • Further research into CB-CAPs may offer superior predictive value for SLE transition and disease complications.