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Related Concept Videos

Electrocardiogram Fundamentals01:28

Electrocardiogram Fundamentals

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Introduction
An electrocardiogram (ECG) is a diagnostic tool for identifying cardiac conditions such as arrhythmias, conduction abnormalities, and myocardial ischemia.
Definition
An electrocardiogram (ECG) visualizes the heart's electrical activity by tracing the electrical movement associated with each heartbeat on a graph or monitor. As the heart beats, an electrical wave passes through it, correlating with the cardiac cycle events.
Parts of an ECG
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Electrocardiogram01:29

Electrocardiogram

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An electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG) is a critical diagnostic tool that records the electrical signals produced by the heart during each heartbeat. This recording is achieved through electrodes placed strategically on the arms, legs, and chest. The electrocardiograph amplifies these signals and produces 12 distinct tracings, offering a comprehensive understanding of the heart's electrical activity.
Three major waveforms are present in a typical ECG recording: the P wave, the QRS complex, and...
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Electrophysiology of Normal Cardiac Rhythm01:19

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The normal cardiac rhythm is a synchronized electrical activity that facilitates the regular and coordinated contraction of the heart muscle. This process is essential for efficient blood circulation throughout the body. The fundamental elements involved in establishing and maintaining this rhythm include the unique electrical properties of cardiac muscle cells, the sinoatrial (SA) node's pacemaker function, the specialized conducting system, and the ionic mechanisms underlying each phase...
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Assessment of apical radial pulse01:25

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Apical-Radial (A-R) Pulse Assessment
The A-R pulse assessment involves simultaneous evaluation of the apical and radial pulses. When the apical and radial pulse rates vary, this assessment helps identify a pulse deficit.
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Correlation between ECG and Cardiac Cycle01:25

Correlation between ECG and Cardiac Cycle

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The electrical signals recorded on an electrocardiogram (ECG) occur before the mechanical processes of contraction and relaxation during the cardiac cycle.
A cardiac action potential originates in the SA node and spreads throughout the atria and the AV node in approximately 0.03 seconds. This results in the P wave in an ECG and triggers atrial contraction. The action potential is then briefly slowed at the AV node, allowing the atria to contract and fill the ventricles with blood before...
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Imaging Studies for Cardiovascular System I:Echocardiography01:17

Imaging Studies for Cardiovascular System I:Echocardiography

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Cardiac imaging studies encompass a wide range of noninvasive and minimally invasive techniques designed to visualize the heart's structure and function in detail. One such technique is echocardiography, which uses high-frequency ultrasound waves to produce detailed images of the heart, known as echocardiograms.
Indications: Echocardiography is utilized to diagnose heart failure, valve disorders, and myocardial infarction. It also assesses cardiac structures' size, shape, and motion,...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 17, 2025

High-Resolution Endocardial and Epicardial Optical Mapping in a Sheep Model of Stretch-Induced Atrial Fibrillation
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High-Resolution Endocardial and Epicardial Optical Mapping in a Sheep Model of Stretch-Induced Atrial Fibrillation

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Novel mapping techniques for rotor core detection using simulated intracardiac electrograms.

Vasanth Ravikumar1, Elizabeth Annoni2, Preethy Parthiban2

  • 1Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.

Journal of Cardiovascular Electrophysiology
|February 11, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Novel signal analysis techniques accurately pinpoint rotor pivot points in simulated atrial fibrillation (AF) using electrograms (EGMs). These methods show promise for improving catheter ablation success rates in persistent AF patients.

Keywords:
Shannon entropyatrial fibrillationclinical limitationskurtosismultiscale entropymultiscale frequencyrotorssimulated intracardiac electrograms

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Last Updated: Nov 17, 2025

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Ablation of Ischemic Ventricular Tachycardia Using a Multipolar Catheter and 3-dimensional Mapping System for High-density Electro-anatomical Reconstruction
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Ablation of Ischemic Ventricular Tachycardia Using a Multipolar Catheter and 3-dimensional Mapping System for High-density Electro-anatomical Reconstruction

Published on: January 31, 2019

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Area of Science:

  • Electrophysiology
  • Computational cardiology
  • Signal processing

Background:

  • Catheter ablation for persistent atrial fibrillation (AF) has limited success due to difficulties in identifying critical ablation targets.
  • Existing mapping systems struggle to pinpoint the precise rotor pivot points responsible for AF maintenance.
  • Novel signal analysis techniques (multiscale frequency, Shannon entropy, kurtosis, multiscale entropy) were previously validated in ex-vivo optical mapping but their clinical applicability with intracardiac electrograms (EGMs) remained unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the efficacy of multiscale frequency (MSF), multiscale entropy (MSE), Shannon entropy (SE), and kurtosis (Kt) techniques in identifying rotor pivot points.
  • To assess these techniques using unipolar and bipolar electrograms (EGMs) derived from numerical simulations of human atria.
  • To determine the robustness of these methods in the presence of simulated noise, scar tissue, and with different catheter configurations.

Main Methods:

  • Simulated stationary and meandering rotors in a 2D human atrial model.
  • Quantified technique performance by comparing identified rotor cores to the true rotor cores.
  • Evaluated performance with added noise, simulated scar tissue, and using simulated data from multielectrode multispline and grid catheters.

Main Results:

  • All evaluated techniques (MSF, MSE, SE, Kt) accurately identified the pivot points of both stationary and meandering rotors from unipolar and bipolar EGMs.
  • The presence of simulated noise and scar tissue did not significantly impair the performance of these rotor identification techniques.
  • Rotor cores were correctly identified even with simulated data from multielectrode multispline and grid catheters.

Conclusions:

  • Novel signal processing techniques can reliably identify rotor pivot points from clinical electrograms (EGMs).
  • These findings support the potential for future clinical implementation of these techniques to guide catheter ablation in persistent AF.
  • Successful identification of rotor cores offers a promising avenue for improving the efficacy of AF ablation strategies.