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Related Concept Videos

Olfaction01:25

Olfaction

46.9K
The sense of smell is achieved through the activities of the olfactory system. It starts when an airborne odorant enters the nasal cavity and reaches olfactory epithelium (OE). The OE is protected by a thin layer of mucus, which also serves the purpose of dissolving more complex compounds into simpler chemical odorants. The size of the OE and the density of sensory neurons varies among species; in humans, the OE is only about 9-10 cm2.
The olfactory receptors are embedded in the cilia of the...
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Physiology of Smell and Olfactory Pathway01:20

Physiology of Smell and Olfactory Pathway

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Humans detect odors with the help of specialized cells located in the upper part of the nasal cavity, called olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs). ORNs possess hair-like structures called cilia, which are receptive to sensations from the inhaled air. When an odorant molecule binds to a specific receptor on the cell of the cilia, it leads to a series of events that ultimately cause the ORN to send electrical signals to the olfactory bulb in the brain through the olfactory nerves.
The olfactory...
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Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure01:03

Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure

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The process of olfaction, also known as the sense of smell, is a sophisticated chemical response system. The specialized sensory neurons that facilitate this process, known as olfactory receptor neurons, are situated in an upper segment of the nasal cavity, known as the olfactory epithelium. Olfactory sensory neurons are bipolar, with their dendrites extending from the epithelium's apex into the mucus that lines the nasal cavity. Airborne molecules, when inhaled, traverse the olfactory...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 17, 2025

Whole Mount Labeling of Cilia in the Main Olfactory System of Mice
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Whole Mount Labeling of Cilia in the Main Olfactory System of Mice

Published on: December 27, 2014

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Flexible categorization in the mouse olfactory bulb.

Elena Kudryavitskaya1, Eran Marom1, Haran Shani-Narkiss2

  • 1Department of Neurobiology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel; The Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel.

Current Biology : CB
|February 11, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Learning shapes odor perception in the olfactory bulb (OB). Mitral cells (MCs) in the OB reorganize odor representations based on learned categories, demonstrating flexible neural processing crucial for environmental interaction.

Keywords:
calcium imagingcategorizationgeneralizationolfactionplasticitytwo photon

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Olfactory system research
  • Sensory perception

Background:

  • Categorical representation of sensory stimuli is vital for navigating complex environments.
  • Early signs of categorical odor representation exist in the olfactory bulb (OB) mitral cells (MCs).
  • The link between OB response dynamics and perceptual categories/decisions remains unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the influence of learning on category formation within the mouse OB.
  • To determine how different classification logics impact odor representation in MCs.
  • To explore the flexibility and task-dependent nature of odor representations.

Main Methods:

  • In vivo two-photon calcium imaging in awake, behaving mice.
  • Behavioral tasks involving different odor classification rules (one-decision-boundary and multi-decision-boundary).
  • Analysis of mitral cell responses to learned odor categories.

Main Results:

  • Categorical odor representation in the OB increased after learning a simple classification task.
  • Odor representations in MCs reorganized based on learned odor value (rewarding or not) in a complex task.
  • This reorganization included a shift from excitatory to inhibitory odor responses.
  • Odor representations in MCs are flexible and influenced by task demands.

Conclusions:

  • Odor representations in the mouse olfactory bulb are highly flexible.
  • Learning and task demands significantly shape how odors are represented in the OB.
  • Mitral cell responses carry category-related information, adapting to learned odor categories and values.