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Related Concept Videos

Protein Transport into the Inner Mitochondrial Membrane01:34

Protein Transport into the Inner Mitochondrial Membrane

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Nuclear encoded mitochondrial precursors are imported to the inner membrane in a multistep process involving two separate translocons, TIM22 and TIM23. TIM23 is a cation-selective pore that remains closed by the N terminal segment of the protein. Negative charges on the TIM23 act as a receptor for the incoming precursor, pulling the positively charged matrix-targeting sequence for peptide insertion and translocation.
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Tail-anchoring of Proteins in the ER Membrane01:45

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Tail-anchored, or TA, proteins are estimated to make up to 3-5% of membrane proteins found in the eukaryotic cell. Such proteins have a single transmembrane domain located approximately 30 amino acid residues upstream from the C-terminal end. As a result, the signal recognition particle (SRP) cannot guide a TA protein to the ER membrane for cotranslational insertion. Hence, they are integrated into the ER membrane post-translationally using their C-terminal end as the anchor. TA proteins...
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Cotranslational Protein Translocation01:20

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Translocation of proteins across membranes is an ancient process that occurs even in bacteria and archaebacteria. In fact, the components of the translocation machinery are still conserved between prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
Sec61 channel partners for cotranslational translocation
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Translocation of Proteins into the Mitochondria01:19

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Mitochondrial precursors are translocated to the internal subcompartments via independent mechanisms involving distinct protein machineries called translocases.
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Protein Transport to the Inner Chloroplast Membrane01:18

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Proteins targeted to the inner chloroplast membrane, or plastid proteins, are transported by two general pathways: the stop-transfer and the re-insertion or post-import pathways. Most plastid proteins carry N-terminal transit sequences and internal import sequences targeting it to the specific chloroplast subcompartment. Proteins targeted by the stop-transfer pathway have internal hydrophobic sequences that inhibit their translocation into the stroma. As a result, these precursors are arrested...
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Complex microtubule structures are present in resting cells and in dividing cells. In resting cells, they are responsible for maintaining the cellular architecture, tracks for intracellular transport, positioning of organelles, assembly of cilia and flagella. They mediate the bipolar spindle assembly for chromosomal segregation and positioning of the cell division plate in dividing cells. The formation of microtubule complex structures depends on the cell type, cell stage, and cell function.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 17, 2025

In Vitro Aggregation Assays Using Hyperphosphorylated Tau Protein
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Tau internalization: A complex step in tau propagation.

Jianfeng Zhao1, Hongrong Wu2, Xiao-Qing Tang1

  • 1Institute of Neuroscience, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, PR China.

Ageing Research Reviews
|February 11, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Tau protein internalization into cells is key to tauopathy spread. This review details Tau uptake pathways, highlighting HSPG-dependent endocytosis as dominant, crucial for understanding and treating tauopathies.

Keywords:
ClathrinEndocytosisInternalizationMacropinocytosisTauTauopathies

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In Vitro Assay for Studying the Aggregation of Tau Protein and Drug Screening
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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Tau protein (MAPT) aggregation is implicated in neuronal death in tauopathies.
  • Secreted Tau can be internalized by adjacent cells, driving disease propagation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review and summarize the various pathways through which Tau proteins are internalized into cells.
  • To identify the predominant Tau internalization mechanism and its implications for Tau propagation.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on Tau protein internalization mechanisms.
  • Analysis of different endocytic pathways involved in Tau uptake, including macropinocytosis, Clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME), lipid raft dependent endocytosis, Tunneling nanotubes (TNTs) dependent endocytosis, and phagocytosis.

Main Results:

  • Tau internalization pathways are influenced by Tau fibril conformation and recipient cell type.
  • Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycans (HSPGs)-dependent endocytosis is identified as the predominant pathway for Tau internalization.
  • Internalized Tau undergoes clearance and seeding, contributing to pathology.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding Tau internalization mechanisms, particularly HSPG-dependent endocytosis, is critical for developing therapeutic strategies.
  • Targeting Tau uptake could offer novel approaches to block Tau pathology propagation in tauopathies.