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Thermodynamic Systems01:06

Thermodynamic Systems

6.4K
A thermodynamic system is a set of objects whose thermodynamic properties are of interest. The system is considered to be embedded in its surroundings or the environment. The system and its environment can exchange heat and do work on each other through a boundary that separates them. However, the immediate surroundings of the system interact with it directly and therefore have a much stronger influence on its behavior and properties.
Consider an example of  tea boiling in a kettle. The...
6.4K
Thermodynamic Potentials01:26

Thermodynamic Potentials

1.2K
Thermodynamic potentials are state functions that are extremely useful in analyzing a thermodynamic system. They have dimensions of energy. The four important thermodynamic potentials are internal energy, enthalpy, Helmholtz free energy, and Gibbs free energy. These thermodynamic potentials can be expressed using two of the following variables: pressure, volume, temperature, and entropy. These two variables are expressed as the rate of change of the thermodynamic potential with respect to other...
1.2K
Maxwell's Thermodynamic Relations01:23

Maxwell's Thermodynamic Relations

3.9K
Maxwell's thermodynamic relations are very useful in solving problems in thermodynamics. Each of Maxwell's relations relates a partial differential between quantities that can be hard to measure experimentally to a partial differential between quantities that can be easily measured. These relations are a set of equations derivable from the symmetry of the second derivatives and the thermodynamic potentials.
All thermodynamic potentials are exact differentials. Therefore, their second-order...
3.9K
Path Between Thermodynamics States01:21

Path Between Thermodynamics States

3.6K
Consider the two thermodynamic processes involving an ideal gas that are represented by paths AC and ABC in Figure 1:
3.6K
Thermal Sigmatropic Reactions: Overview01:16

Thermal Sigmatropic Reactions: Overview

2.3K
Sigmatropic rearrangements are a class of pericyclic reactions in which a σ bond migrates from one part of a π system to another. These are intramolecular rearrangements where the total number of σ and π bonds remain unchanged.
Sigmatropic shifts are classified based on an order term [i, j ], where i and j indicate the number of atoms across which each end of the σ bond migrates. Below are examples of a [3,3] sigmatropic shift in 1,5-hexadiene, referred...
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Thermodynamics: Chemical Potential and Activity01:10

Thermodynamics: Chemical Potential and Activity

1.4K
The effective concentration of a species in a solution can be expressed precisely in terms of its activity. Activity considers the effect of electrolytes present in the vicinity of the species of interest and depends on the ionic strength of the solution. The activity of a species is expressed as the product of molar concentration and the activity coefficient of the species.
The thermodynamic equilibrium constant is more accurately defined in terms of activity rather than concentration.
1.4K

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 17, 2025

An Analog Macroscopic Technique for Studying Molecular Hydrodynamic Processes in Dense Gases and Liquids
11:03

An Analog Macroscopic Technique for Studying Molecular Hydrodynamic Processes in Dense Gases and Liquids

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Multiscale Thermodynamics.

Miroslav Grmela1

  • 1École Polytechnique de Montréal, C.P.6079 suc. Centre-Ville, Montréal, QC H3C 3A7, Canada.

Entropy (Basel, Switzerland)
|February 12, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Multiscale thermodynamics extends classical theories to complex systems across all scales. This new framework unifies microscopic, mesoscopic, and macroscopic investigations for systems far from equilibrium.

Keywords:
contact geometryequilibrium and nonequilibrium thermodynamics and statistical mechanicsgeneric

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Area of Science:

  • Physics
  • Thermodynamics
  • Complex Systems Theory

Background:

  • Classical equilibrium thermodynamics is limited to systems at equilibrium.
  • Complex systems require theories applicable to multiple scales and non-equilibrium conditions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To formulate and explain the origins of multiscale thermodynamics.
  • To demonstrate the application of multiscale thermodynamics in mesoscopic dynamics.

Main Methods:

  • Developing a theoretical framework for multiscale thermodynamics.
  • Applying the theory to analyze mesoscopic dynamics that integrate different levels of investigation.

Main Results:

  • Multiscale thermodynamics provides a unified approach to studying complex systems.
  • The theory encompasses classical equilibrium thermodynamics as a special case.
  • It is applicable to both static and dynamic processes in systems far from equilibrium.

Conclusions:

  • Multiscale thermodynamics offers a comprehensive approach to understanding complex systems.
  • The theory bridges the gap between different levels of investigation.
  • It provides a foundation for analyzing non-equilibrium phenomena in macroscopic systems.