Germanium nanospheres for ultraresolution picotensiometry of kinesin motors

Kinesin motors are essential for the transport of cellular cargo along microtubules. How the motors step, detach, and cooperate with each other is still unclear. To dissect the molecular motion of kinesin-1, we developed germanium nanospheres as ultraresolution optical trapping probes. We found that single motors took 4-nanometer center-of-mass steps. Furthermore, kinesin-1 never detached from microtubules under hindering load conditions. Instead, it slipped on microtubules in microsecond-long, 8-nanometer steps and remained in this slip state before detaching or reengaging in directed motion. Unexpectedly, reengagement and thus rescue of directed motion was more frequent. Our observations broaden our knowledge on the mechanochemical cycle and slip state of kinesin. This state and rescue need to be accounted for to understand long-range transport by teams of motors.