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Penile cancer.

Anita Thomas1,2,3, Andrea Necchi4, Asif Muneer5,6,7

  • 1Laboratory of Experimental Urology, Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.

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Penile squamous cell carcinoma (PSCC) is a rare cancer affecting men globally. Current treatments for advanced PSCC have limited efficacy and significant toxicity, highlighting the need for novel therapeutic strategies.

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Urology

Background:

  • Penile squamous cell carcinoma (PSCC) is a rare malignancy with global prevalence disparities.
  • Risk factors include HPV infection, poor hygiene, and immunosuppression, with distinct HPV-related and non-HPV-related subtypes.
  • While localized PSCC is treatable with surgery or radiotherapy, advanced stages present significant management challenges.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current understanding of penile squamous cell carcinoma (PSCC) epidemiology, risk factors, and treatment modalities.
  • To emphasize the critical role of surgical staging in managing PSCC due to early lymphatic spread.
  • To highlight the limitations of current systemic therapies and the urgent need for improved treatment options.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on penile squamous cell carcinoma (PSCC).
  • Analysis of epidemiological data, risk factors, and diagnostic challenges.
  • Evaluation of current treatment strategies for localized and advanced disease.

Main Results:

  • PSCC incidence varies significantly by region, with higher rates in developing countries.
  • Early lymphatic spread necessitates accurate inguinal lymph node staging for effective management.
  • Current cisplatin-based chemotherapy for advanced PSCC shows poor response rates and high toxicity.

Conclusions:

  • There is a critical need for developing more effective and less toxic systemic therapies for advanced penile cancer.
  • Multimodal treatment approaches are essential for advanced PSCC, with ongoing research into optimal sequencing and patient selection.
  • PSCC significantly impacts patients' quality of life, affecting sexual function, urinary function, and causing lymphoedema.