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Related Concept Videos

Tumor Progression02:07

Tumor Progression

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Tumor progression is a phenomenon where the pre-formed tumor acquires successive mutations to become clinically more aggressive and malignant. In the 1950s, Foulds first described the stepwise progression of cancer cells through successive stages.
Colon cancer is one of the best-documented examples of tumor progression. Early mutation in the APC gene in colon cells causes a small growth on the colon wall called a polyp. With time, this polyp grows into a benign, pre-cancerous tumor. Further...
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Tumor Immunotherapy01:27

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Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 17, 2025

Experimental Melanoma Immunotherapy Model Using Tumor Vaccination with a Hematopoietic Cytokine
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Pseudoprogression and Immunotherapy Phenomena.

Elizabeth S Waxman1, Donna Lee Gerber1

  • 1The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.

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|February 12, 2021
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumours (RECIST) are insufficient for immunotherapy. Pseudoprogression, an initial tumor growth followed by delayed response, requires awareness for continued patient treatment.

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Predictive Immune Modeling of Solid Tumors
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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Immunotherapy
  • Clinical Trial Design

Background:

  • Traditional Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumours (RECIST) assess tumor shrinkage for chemotherapy response.
  • Applying RECIST to immunotherapy is challenging due to phenomena like pseudoprogression.
  • Pseudoprogression involves initial tumor growth preceding a delayed treatment response.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight the limitations of RECIST in evaluating immunotherapy response.
  • To define and explain the concept of pseudoprogression in cancer immunotherapy.
  • To emphasize the importance of recognizing pseudoprogression for patient management.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on cancer treatment response criteria.
  • Analysis of clinical observations in patients undergoing immunotherapy.
  • Comparison of RECIST criteria with observed immunotherapy treatment patterns.

Main Results:

  • RECIST criteria may misinterpret pseudoprogression as disease progression.
  • Initial tumor growth or new lesions in immunotherapy can represent pseudoprogression, not true progression.
  • Delayed tumor shrinkage or stabilization can occur after initial apparent progression.

Conclusions:

  • Advanced practitioners must understand pseudoprogression to accurately assess immunotherapy efficacy.
  • Recognizing pseudoprogression prevents premature discontinuation of potentially effective immunotherapy.
  • Educating patients about pseudoprogression is crucial for adherence to treatment plans.