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Related Concept Videos

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T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
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Reproductive cloning is the process of producing a genetically identical copy—a clone—of an entire organism. While clones can be produced by splitting an early embryo—similar to what happens naturally with identical twins—cloning of adult animals is usually done by a process called somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT).
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Genome comparison is one of the excellent ways to interpret the evolutionary relationships between organisms. The basic principle of genome comparison is that if two species share a common feature, it is likely encoded by the DNA sequence conserved between both species. The advent of genome sequencing technologies in the late 20th century enabled scientists to understand the concept of conservation of domains between species and helped them to deduce evolutionary relationships across diverse...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 17, 2025

Characterizing Mutational Load and Clonal Composition of Human Blood
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[Clonality analysis in practice].

Leonie Frauenfeld1, Falko Fend2, Franziska Otto1

  • 1Institut für allgemeine und molekulare Pathologie, Universitätsklinikum Tübingen, Liebermeisterstr. 8, 72076, Tübingen, Deutschland.

Der Pathologe
|February 12, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis detects clonal gene rearrangements in malignant lymphomas, aiding diagnosis and disease monitoring. This molecular test requires careful interpretation alongside clinical and histological data for accurate conclusions.

Keywords:
Clonal evolutionLymphomaPolymerase chain reactionReceptors, antigen, B‑cellReceptors, antigen, T‑cell

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Comparative Lesions Analysis Through a Targeted Sequencing Approach
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Area of Science:

  • Hematology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Oncology

Background:

  • Malignant lymphomas originate from a common progenitor cell with unique gene rearrangements.
  • Distinguishing between reactive and malignant lesions in lymphoproliferations can be challenging.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight the utility of polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based clonality analysis in diagnosing lymphoproliferations.
  • To discuss the applications of PCR in detecting disease dissemination and evaluating relationships between lymphomas.
  • To emphasize the necessity of integrating clonality analysis with other diagnostic data.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to detect unique gene rearrangements (immunoglobulin or T-cell receptor).
  • Applying PCR-based analyses for the diagnosis of difficult lymphoproliferations.
  • Using clonality analysis to assess disease dissemination and clonal relationships.

Main Results:

  • PCR-based clonality analysis is a valuable tool for discriminating reactive from malignant lesions.
  • This method aids in detecting disease dissemination.
  • It is useful for evaluating the clonal relationship between different lymphomas.

Conclusions:

  • Clonality analysis is an important adjunct for diagnosing lymphoproliferations.
  • It is not a standalone test and requires integration with clinical, histological, and immunophenotypic data.
  • Comprehensive understanding of its biological basis, technical aspects, and interpretation is crucial to avoid misdiagnosis.