Related Experiment Video
Updated: Nov 17, 2025
In Vitro Application of a Wireless Sensor in Flexion-Extension Gap Balance of Unicompartmental Knee Arthroplasty
Published on: May 5, 2023
Improved total knee arthroplasty pain outcome when joint gap targets are achieved throughout flexion
Edgar A Wakelin1, Sami Shalhoub2, Jeffrey M Lawrence3
1Corin Ltd, Raynham, MA, USA. Edgar.wakelin@coringroup.com.
Purpose:
Achieving a balanced knee is accepted as an important goal in total knee arthroplasty; however, the definition of ideal balance remains controversial. This study therefore endeavoured to determine: (1) whether medio-lateral gap balance in extension, midflexion, and flexion are associated with improved outcome scores at one-year post-operatively and (2) whether these relationships can be used to identify windows of optimal gap balance throughout flexion.
Methods:
135 patients were enrolled in a multicenter, multi-surgeon, prospective investigation using a robot-assisted surgical platform and posterior cruciate ligament sacrificing gap balancing technique. Joint gaps were measured under a controlled tension of 70-90 N from 10°-90° flexion. Linear correlations between joint gaps and one-year KOOS outcomes were investigated. KOOS Pain and Activities of Daily Living sub-scores were used to define clinically relevant joint gap target thresholds in extension, midflexion, and flexion. Gap thresholds were then combined to investigate the synergistic effects of satisfying multiple targets.
Results:
Significant linear correlations were found throughout extension, midflexion, and flexion. Joint gap thresholds of an equally balanced or tighter medial compartment in extension, medial laxity ± 1 mm compared to the final insert thickness in midflexion, and a medio-lateral imbalance of less than 1.5 mm in flexion generated subgroups that reported significantly improved KOOS pain scores at one year (median ∆ = 8.3, 5.6 and 2.8 points, respectively). Combining any two targets resulted in further improved outcomes, with the greatest improvement observed when all three targets were satisfied (median ∆ = 11.2, p = 0.002).
Conclusion:
Gap thresholds identified in this study provide clinically relevant and achievable targets for optimising soft tissue balance in posterior cruciate ligament sacrificing gap balancing total knee arthroplasty. When all three balance windows were achieved, clinically meaningful pain improvement was observed.
Level Of Evidence:
Level II.
