Life cycle water footprint comparison of biomass-to-hydrogen and coal-to-hydrogen processes

Water is essential for the industrial production of hydrogen. This study investigates the production of hydrogen from biomass and coal. To date, there are few studies focusing on the water footprint of biomass-to-hydrogen and coal-to-hydrogen processes. This research conducted a life cycle water use analysis on wheat straw biomass and coal to hydrogen via pyrolysis gasification processes. The results show that the water consumption of the entire biomass-to-hydrogen process was 76.77 L/MJ, of which biomass cultivation was the dominant contributor (99%). Conversely, the water consumption of the coal-to-hydrogen process was only 1.06 L/MJ, wherein the coal production stage accounted for only 4.15% for the total water consumption, which is far lower than that of the biomass-to-hydrogen process. The hydrogen production stage of biomass hydrogen production accounted for 76% of the total water consumption when excluding the water consumption of straw growth, whereas that of the coal hydrogen production stage was 96%. This research provides the associated water consumption, within a specified boundary, of both hydrogen production processes, and the influence of major factors on total water consumption was demonstrated using sensitivity analysis.