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Short-distance Transport of Resources

Short-distance Transport of Resources

Short-distance transport refers to transport that occurs over a distance of just 2-3 cells, crossing the plasma membrane in the process. Small uncharged molecules, such as oxygen, carbon dioxide, and water, can diffuse across the plasma membrane on their own. In contrast, ions and larger molecules require the assistance of transport proteins due to their charge or size. Transport across membranes also occurs within individual cells, playing a variety of essential roles for the plant as a whole.

Water and Mineral Acquisition

Water and Mineral Acquisition

Specialized tissues in plant roots have evolved to capture water, minerals, and some ions from the soil. Roots exhibit a variety of branching patterns that facilitate this process. The outermost root cells have specialized structures called root hairs that increase the root surface, thus increasing soil contact. Water can passively cross into roots, as the concentration of water in the soil is higher than that of the root tissue. Minerals, in contrast, are actively transported into root cells.

Xylem and Transpiration-driven Transport of Resources

Xylem and Transpiration-driven Transport of Resources

The xylem of vascular plants distributes water and dissolved minerals that are taken up by the roots to the rest of the plant. The cells that transport xylem sap are dead upon maturity, and the movement of xylem sap is a passive process.

Protein Transport to the Inner Chloroplast Membrane

Protein Transport to the Inner Chloroplast Membrane

Proteins targeted to the inner chloroplast membrane, or plastid proteins, are transported by two general pathways: the stop-transfer and the re-insertion or post-import pathways. Most plastid proteins carry N-terminal transit sequences and internal import sequences targeting it to the specific chloroplast subcompartment. Proteins targeted by the stop-transfer pathway have internal hydrophobic sequences that inhibit their translocation into the stroma. As a result, these precursors are arrested...

Protein Transport to the Thylakoids

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Protein Transport to the Outer Chloroplast Membrane

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Chloroplast outer membrane proteins encoded by the nucleus are synthesized in the cytosol. Soon after synthesis, they bind cytosolic factors such as 14-3-3 protein and the Hsp70 chaperones that keep these precursors in an unfolded state until their translocation.
Two models describe the mechanism of precursor recognition and entry across the outer membrane through the TOC complex. Model 1 suggests the newly synthesized precursor binds to the TOC receptor 159 and forms a complex.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 17, 2025

Shootward Movement of CFDA Tracer Loaded in the Bottom Sink Tissues of Arabidopsis

Shootward Movement of CFDA Tracer Loaded in the Bottom Sink Tissues of Arabidopsis

Published on: May 11, 2019

Proton-coupled cotransporter involves phenanthrene xylem loading in roots.

Yu Shen¹, Fang He¹, Jiahui Zhu¹

¹College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210095, PR China.

The Science of the Total Environment

|February 14, 2021

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

This study reveals that plant xylem loading of phenanthrene, a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH), is concentration-dependent and likely involves a proton/phenanthrene cotransporter. Environmental factors like temperature and oxygen levels significantly impact PAH translocation in crops.

Keywords:

Dissolved oxygen Metabolic inhibitor Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons Proton/phenanthrene cotransporter Temperature Xylem loading

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Area of Science:

Environmental Chemistry
Plant Physiology
Biochemistry

Background:

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) uptake and translocation in crops are critical for food safety.
The specific mechanisms of phenanthrene xylem loading across plant cell membranes remain poorly understood.

Purpose of the Study:

To elucidate the concentration-dependent mechanism of phenanthrene xylem loading.
To investigate the influence of environmental factors and metabolic processes on phenanthrene translocation.

Main Methods:

Investigated phenanthrene xylem loading kinetics using the Michaelis-Menten model.
Assessed the effects of metabolic inhibitors (sodium vanadate), temperature, and dissolved oxygen on xylem sap phenanthrene concentrations.
Measured xylem sap pH in relation to phenanthrene concentration.

Main Results:

Phenanthrene xylem loading follows Michaelis-Menten kinetics, indicating a carrier-mediated process.
Xylem sap pH decreases as phenanthrene concentration increases.
Low temperature, hypoxia, and metabolic inhibitors significantly reduce phenanthrene loading into the xylem.

Conclusions:

Phenanthrene xylem loading is an active, energy-dependent process likely mediated by a H+/phenanthrene cotransporter.
Understanding these mechanisms is vital for predicting and mitigating PAH accumulation in staple crops.