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Related Concept Videos

The Pituitary Gland01:17

The Pituitary Gland

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The pituitary is a small endocrine organ in the sphenoid bone under the hypothalamus. Primarily, the pituitary in adults has two distinct anatomical and functional regions— the anterior and posterior lobes. During human fetal development, a third pituitary gland region called the pars intermedia atrophies and disappears. However, some of its cells migrate and exist adjacent to the anterior pituitary in adults.
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Hormones of the Pituitary Gland01:27

Hormones of the Pituitary Gland

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The small, pea-sized pituitary gland is located at the base of the brain. It is crucial in regulating various bodily functions, from growth to reproduction. The gland is divided into the anterior lobe and the posterior lobe. The secretory cell clusters in the pars distalis of the anterior pituitary lobe are controlled by hypothalamic regulators and synthesize six primary hormones.
The most abundantly secreted hormone from the anterior lobe is the growth hormone, which controls overall growth by...
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Diencephalon: Hypothalamus and Coordination01:23

Diencephalon: Hypothalamus and Coordination

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The hypothalamus is a small yet highly complex and essential brain region that plays a crucial role in regulating various bodily functions. Anatomically, it is located at the base of the brain, just above the brainstem and below the thalamus, forming part of the limbic system.
The hypothalamus interacts with other brain regions, including the pituitary gland, through a direct physical connection called the hypothalamic-pituitary axis. The hypothalamus receives somatic and visceral inputs and...
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Structures of the Endocrine System00:59

Structures of the Endocrine System

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The intricate framework of the endocrine system encompasses a diverse array of glands, with their target tissues and organs strategically distributed throughout the body. Central to this network are the endocrine glands, specialized structures that lack ducts and release hormones directly into the interstitial fluid. Notably, the hypothalamus, a vital neuroendocrine organ situated in the brain, governs neural functions and serves as a potent source of hormonal regulation. Near the hypothalamus...
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Regulation of Hormone Secretion01:19

Regulation of Hormone Secretion

5.2K
Regulation of hormone secretion is a finely tuned orchestration driven by various types of stimuli, encompassing neural, humoral, and hormonal signals. Environmental cues instigate neural stimuli, where action potentials traverse nerve fibers to reach their designated targets. An illustrative scenario is the body's response to stress, wherein the sympathetic nervous system releases epinephrine from the adrenal glands, inducing the well-known 'fight or flight' reaction.
Humoral...
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Diencephalon: Anatomical Regions01:30

Diencephalon: Anatomical Regions

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The diencephalon, etymologically translated as 'through brain,' plays an integral role as the conduit between the cerebrum and the vast extent of the nervous system. However, the olfactory system is an exception, as it interfaces directly with the cerebrum. The diencephalon, deeply ensconced beneath the cerebrum, primarily consists of three paired structures — the thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithelamus. It also includes accessory structures such as the subthalamus, which houses the...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 17, 2025

Development of Organoids from Mouse Pituitary as In Vitro Model to Explore Pituitary Stem Cell Biology
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Development of Organoids from Mouse Pituitary as In Vitro Model to Explore Pituitary Stem Cell Biology

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Functional Pituitary Networks in Vertebrates.

Yorgui Santiago-Andres1, Matan Golan2, Tatiana Fiordelisio1

  • 1Laboratorio de Neuroendocrinología Comparada, Departamento de Ecología y Recursos Naturales, Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México, Mexico.

Frontiers in Endocrinology
|February 15, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Pituitary cells form complex networks that integrate signals to optimize hormone release. These functional pituitary networks are conserved across vertebrate evolution, influencing hormone pulse generation.

Keywords:
evolutionnetworkspituitaryplasticityvertebrates

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Dissection and Coronal Slice Preparation of Developing Mouse Pituitary Gland
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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Neuroscience
  • Evolutionary Biology

Background:

  • The pituitary gland, a master endocrine regulator, was traditionally viewed as a collection of cells responding to hypothalamic stimuli.
  • Recent research reveals that pituitary cells are organized into sophisticated, large-scale networks.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the evolutionary establishment of pituitary cell networks across vertebrates.
  • To highlight future research directions for understanding how these networks generate hormone pulses.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on pituitary cell networks.
  • Analysis of 3D imaging techniques and transgenic models in vertebrate research.

Main Results:

  • Pituitary cell networks exhibit homo- and heterotypic communication, enabling adaptation to physiological demands.
  • These networks integrate hypothalamic and systemic stimuli to optimize hormone secretion.
  • Functional pituitary networks are conserved across vertebrate evolution.

Conclusions:

  • Pituitary cell networks are crucial for decoding and integrating stimuli to generate physiologically relevant hormone pulses.
  • Further research is needed to fully elucidate the mechanisms of hormone pulse generation by pituitary networks in vertebrates.