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Pleural Effusion I: Introduction

Pleural Effusion I: Introduction

Pleural effusion is an abnormal fluid accumulation in the pleural cavity, a narrow space between the lungs and the chest wall. It is not a disease per se but rather a symptom or indication of an underlying disease. In normal circumstances, this space contains a small amount of fluid (5 to 15 mL), a lubricant facilitating the non-frictional movement of the pleural surfaces.
There are two main types of pleural effusion: transudative and exudative. They are differentiated using Light's...

Pleural Effusion II: Symptoms and Management

Pleural Effusion II: Symptoms and Management

Pleural Effusion Overview
A pleural effusion is the abnormal collection of fluid between the parietal and visceral pleura layers of tissue that form the lining of the lungs and chest cavity. It can occur independently or due to surrounding parenchymal diseases, such as infection, malignancy, or inflammatory conditions.
Clinical Manifestations:

Esophageal Varices-II: Clinical Features and Management

Esophageal Varices-II: Clinical Features and Management

Esophageal varices often manifest as gastrointestinal bleeding episodes, presenting symptoms like hematemesis (vomiting of blood), hematochezia (passing fresh blood via the rectum), and melena (black, tarry stools). Other signs can include weight loss, anorexia, abdominal discomfort, jaundice, pruritus, altered mental status, and muscle cramps.
In the initial assessment, a thorough review of the patient's medical history is vital to identify risk factors such as liver disease, alcohol...

Esophageal Varices-I: Introduction

Esophageal Varices-I: Introduction

Esophageal varices are dilated, tortuous veins which are found mainly in the submucosa of the lower esophagus but which may also appear higher up or extend into the stomach. They develop due to increased pressure in the portal venous system, often as a result of liver cirrhosis. This condition scars and damages the liver, impeding normal blood flow through the portal vein. To compensate, blood seeks alternative pathways, forming fragile new vessels (varices) in the esophagus and stomach. These...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 17, 2025

Application of the En Bloc Concept Combined with Anatomic Resection in Laparoscopic Hepatectomy

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Published on: March 10, 2023

An Improbable Case of Ascites.

Virginia Visconti¹, Andre Fernandes¹, Ismenia Oliveira¹

¹Internal Medicine Department, Beatriz Ângelo Hospital, Loures, Portugal.

European Journal of Case Reports in Internal Medicine

|February 15, 2021

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Peritoneal metastasis is a rare presentation of prostate cancer, often overlooked. Early diagnosis and hormonal therapy for this rare condition can lead to positive outcomes.

Keywords:

Prostate cancer malignant ascites peritoneal metastasis peritoneum

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Ileectomy-induced Bile Overaccumulation in Mouse Intestine

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Published on: August 21, 2017

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Endoscopic Ultrasound-Guided Biliary Drainage: Endoscopic Ultrasound-Guided Hepaticogastrostomy in Malignant Biliary Obstruction

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Ileectomy-induced Bile Overaccumulation in Mouse Intestine

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Published on: August 21, 2017

Area of Science:

Oncology
Urology
Gastroenterology

Background:

Prostate cancer is the most common male malignancy.
Bone and lymph node metastases are common.
Peritoneal metastasis with malignant ascites is a rare but critical presentation.

Purpose of the Study:

To report a rare case of prostate cancer with peritoneal metastasis.
To highlight the importance of considering peritoneal involvement in cases of malignant ascites.
To demonstrate the effectiveness of hormonal therapy in such cases.

Main Methods:

Case report of a 77-year-old male.
Clinical presentation: abdominal distension, nausea, weight loss.
Diagnostic tools: abdominal ultrasound, computed tomography, serum and ascitic PSA levels, prostate biopsy, peritoneal implant biopsy.

Main Results:

Diagnosis of prostate adenocarcinoma with peritoneal carcinomatosis and malignant ascites.
Elevated serum and ascitic prostatic-specific antigen (PSA) levels.
Successful response to hormonal therapy.

Conclusions:

Peritoneal metastasis from prostate cancer, though rare, must be suspected in patients with malignant ascites.
Prompt diagnosis and initiation of hormonal treatment can lead to favorable clinical, symptomatic, and analytical results.
This case underscores the importance of considering unusual metastatic patterns in advanced prostate cancer.