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Related Concept Videos

Immunoglobulin-like Cell Adhesion Molecules01:31

Immunoglobulin-like Cell Adhesion Molecules

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Immunoglobulin-like cell adhesion molecules or Ig-CAMs are a versatile group of cell surface glycoproteins belonging to the immunoglobulin protein superfamily. Ig-CAMs possess the characteristic immunoglobulin protein domains and other domains such as the fibronectin type III domain. The Ig domains are glycosylated to varying degrees in different Ig-CAMs.
Ig-CAMs exhibit either homophilic binding (to other Ig-CAMs) or heterophilic binding (to other ligands such as integrins). While most Ig-CAMs...
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The cadherins are a superfamily of cell adhesion molecules comprising over 180 variants, with specific tissues expressing a particular combination of cadherin types. Cadherins generally exhibit homophilic binding; i.e., cadherins on one cell bind to cadherins of the same or closely related type on another cell. Thus, cells of the same type have a specific affinity to bind to each other and sort themselves into clusters to form tissues.
Cell Sorting During Development
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Cell Adhesion Molecules - Types and Functions01:20

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Cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) are pivotal to multicellularity and the coordinated functioning of tissues and organ systems. They enable physical interactions between cells and provide mechanical strength to tissues. They also function as receptors for signal transmission across the plasma membrane. The CAMs are broadly classified into four families - integrins, cadherins, selectins, and immunoglobulin-like CAMs (IgCAMs).
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Cytoskeletal Coordination in Cell Migration01:32

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A migrating cell changes its shape during the cyclic events of attachment and detachment from the substratum and repositions the cell organelles correspondingly. These complex events are orchestrated by the dynamic cytoskeletal network comprising actin filaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules. Cytoskeletal crosstalk — the direct and indirect communication between the different components — is crucial for this coordination. Direct communication involves various linker...
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Cell Migration01:19

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Cell migration is a process by which the cells move from one location to another, playing an essential role in embryological development, repair and regeneration, immune response, and metastasis. Cells migrate in response to chemical or mechanical signals generated by specific organs or tissues. The overall mechanism includes three steps - polarization, protrusion, and release. Polarization involves the formation of a distinct cell front and rear, which determines the direction of movement.
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Cell Migration01:09

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Cell migration, the process by which cells move from one location to another, is essential for the proper development and viability of organisms throughout their life. When cells are not able to migrate properly to their ordained locations, various disorders may occur. For example, disruption in cell migration causes chronic inflammatory diseases such as arthritis.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 17, 2025

In Vitro Modeling of Down Syndrome Neurogenesis Using Human-Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells
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In Vitro Modeling of Down Syndrome Neurogenesis Using Human-Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

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Subtle Roles of Down Syndrome Cell Adhesion Molecules in Embryonic Forebrain Development and Neuronal Migration.

Manuela D Mitsogiannis1, Anna Pancho1, Tania Aerts1

  • 1Developmental Neurobiology Group, Animal Physiology and Neurobiology Division, Department of Biology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.

Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology
|February 15, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Down Syndrome Cell Adhesion Molecules (DSCAMs) and DSCAML1 are crucial for neurodevelopment. While gene loss had no effect, increased DSCAM/DSCAML1 dosage disrupted neural migration and neuron morphology, impacting brain development.

Keywords:
DscamDscaml1cell adhesioninterneuron migrationneuronal migrationradial migrationtelencephalic development

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Developmental Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Down Syndrome Cell Adhesion Molecules (DSCAMs) are immunoglobulin superfamily proteins implicated in neurodevelopmental disorders.
  • DSCAM and its paralogue DSCAML1 are located in chromosomal regions associated with intellectual disability, autism, and other neurological conditions.
  • Previous studies highlighted DSCAM roles in synaptogenesis and axon guidance, but their function in embryonic mammalian forebrain development remains unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the spatiotemporal expression patterns of Dscam and Dscaml1 in the embryonic mouse forebrain.
  • To determine the impact of Dscam and Dscaml1 loss-of-function on key embryonic neurodevelopmental processes.
  • To examine the neurodevelopmental consequences of Dscam and Dscaml1 gain-of-function, particularly in relation to dosage variations seen in human disorders.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of Dscam and Dscaml1 expression patterns in embryonic mouse brain sections.
  • Histological and developmental analysis of Dscam and Dscaml1 knockout mouse models at various embryonic stages.
  • In vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo gain-of-function studies to assess effects on neural cells and development.

Main Results:

  • Dynamic spatiotemporal expression of Dscam and Dscaml1 was observed in specific cortical layers and subpallial structures.
  • Constitutive knockout of Dscam and Dscaml1 did not significantly affect cortical development, ventral forebrain morphogenesis, interneuron migration, or connectivity.
  • Gain-of-function of Dscam and Dscaml1 impaired neural migration during cortical development and altered the morphology of developing neurons.

Conclusions:

  • Dosage variations of DSCAM and DSCAML1, rather than their absence, significantly impact critical neurodevelopmental processes.
  • Altered gene dosage of DSCAM/DSCAML1 disrupts cell-cell and cell-environment interactions essential for neuronal migration.
  • These findings provide insights into the molecular etiology of neurodevelopmental disorders linked to chromosomal duplications involving DSCAM and DSCAML1.