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Related Concept Videos

Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming01:29

Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming

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Reprogramming alters the gene expression in somatic cells, transforming them into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells over several generations. Scientists can reprogram cells by introducing genes for four transcription factors—Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) by viral or non-viral methods. These factors are also known as Yamanaka factors after Shinya Yamanaka, who first generated iPS cells using mouse skin cells. Yamanaka was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012...
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Chromatin modification alters gene expression; therefore, scientists can add histone-modifying enzymes, histone variants, and chromatin remodeling complexes to somatic cells to aid reprogramming into pluripotent stem (iPS) cells.
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Nuclear reprogramming is a process of transforming one cell type into an unrelated cell type by epigenetic changes that alter the cell’s original gene expression pattern. Such epigenetic changes force cells to express a different set of genes, which play a significant role in inducing transformation into other cell types. Nuclear reprogramming offers applications in reproductive cloning for livestock propagation and regenerative medicine — developing patient-specific cells for...
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Epigenetic changes alter the physical structure of the DNA without changing the genetic sequence and often regulate whether genes are turned on or off. This regulation ensures that each cell produces only proteins necessary for its function. For example, proteins that promote bone growth are not produced in muscle cells. Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.
X-chromosome...
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Nuclear reprogramming is the process of switching gene expression of one cell type to that of another cell type, usually from a differentiated cell state to an undifferentiated cell state. Differentiation occurs during processes such as development and morphogenesis, tissue regeneration, and malignancy. Cells can also be artificially induced to reprogram their gene expression by techniques such as nuclear transfer, induced pluripotency, and cell fusion. Such techniques have many applications in...
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Author Spotlight: Reprogramming Cancer Cells to iPSCs to Study Disease Progression and Treatment Targets
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Hypoxia in Cell Reprogramming and the Epigenetic Regulations.

Nariaki Nakamura1, Xiaobing Shi2, Radbod Darabi3

  • 1Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, and Biomedical Engineering, Homer Stryker M.D. School of Medicine, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI, United States.

Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology
|February 15, 2021
PubMed
Summary

This review explores how hypoxia and epigenetics regulate cellular reprogramming, impacting cell fate, renewal, and tissue regeneration. Understanding this interplay is key for stem cell research and developmental biology.

Keywords:
cellular reprogrammingepigenetichypoxiamusclestem cells

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Area of Science:

  • Stem cells
  • Molecular biology
  • Developmental biology

Background:

  • Cellular reprogramming is crucial for understanding cell proliferation, fate determination, and stem cell renewal.
  • Hypoxia and epigenetics are key factors influencing tissue and organ development.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the regulatory roles of hypoxia and epigenetics in cellular reprogramming.
  • To examine the interplay between hypoxia and epigenetics in cellular functions and tissue regeneration.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of existing research on cellular reprogramming, hypoxia, and epigenetics.
  • Analysis of studies investigating the molecular mechanisms and functional outcomes.

Main Results:

  • Hypoxia and epigenetic modifications significantly influence cellular reprogramming processes.
  • The interaction between hypoxia and epigenetics affects cell fate, stem cell renewal, and tissue development.

Conclusions:

  • The interplay of hypoxia and epigenetics is critical for regulating cellular reprogramming.
  • Further research into these factors can advance stem cell therapies and regenerative medicine.