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Related Concept Videos

Phase I Oxidative Reactions: Overview01:19

Phase I Oxidative Reactions: Overview

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Phase I biotransformation, or functionalization, is a crucial chemical process that converts drugs and other xenobiotics into more water-soluble forms, facilitating expulsion from the body. It involves oxidative, reductive, and hydrolytic reactions that add or unveil polar functional groups on lipophilic substrates. Key players in phase I reactions are the mixed-function oxidases. Situated in liver cell microsomes, these enzymes predominantly carry out drug metabolism. They require molecular...
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Energy production within a cell involves many coordinated chemical pathways. Most of these pathways are combinations of oxidation and reduction reactions, which occur at the same time. An oxidation reaction strips an electron from an atom in a compound, and the addition of this electron to another compound is a reduction reaction. Because oxidation and reduction usually occur together, these pairs of reactions are called redox reactions.
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Oxidative Cleavage of Alkenes: Ozonolysis01:46

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In ozonolysis, ozone is used to cleave a carbon–carbon double bond to form aldehydes and ketones, or carboxylic acids, depending on the work-up.
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Alkenes are converted to 1,2-diols or glycols through a process called dihydroxylation. It involves the addition of two hydroxyl groups across the double bond with two different stereochemical approaches, namely anti and syn. Dihydroxylation using osmium tetroxide progresses with syn stereochemistry.
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Updated: Nov 17, 2025

Monitoring the Reductive and Oxidative Half-Reactions of a Flavin-Dependent Monooxygenase using Stopped-Flow Spectrophotometry
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Flavoprotein monooxygenases: Versatile biocatalysts.

Caroline E Paul1, Daniel Eggerichs2, Adrie H Westphal3

  • 1Biocatalysis, Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands.

Biotechnology Advances
|February 15, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Flavoprotein monooxygenases (FPMOs) are versatile enzymes for sustainable chemical production. This review details their evolution, classification, and applications in biocatalysis.

Keywords:
(hydro)peroxideBaeyer-Villiger oxidationbiocatalysisdearomatizationepoxidationflavinhalogenationhydroxylationmicrobial degradationoxygenation

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Area of Science:

  • Biocatalysis and enzyme engineering
  • Organic chemistry
  • Biotechnology

Background:

  • Flavoprotein monooxygenases (FPMOs) are crucial enzymes catalyzing diverse oxyfunctionalization reactions.
  • These enzymes are vital in mechanistic flavoprotein research and increasingly in biotechnology.
  • FPMOs offer sustainable routes for producing valuable chemicals.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the evolution of FPMOs from research models to industrial catalysts.
  • To explain the classification system of FPMOs based on structure and electron donors.
  • To summarize key reactions and engineering strategies for FPMOs.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of FPMO research and applications.
  • Analysis of FPMO classification based on structural and functional properties.
  • Summary of catalyzed reactions and enzyme engineering approaches.

Main Results:

  • FPMOs have evolved into significant biotechnological tools.
  • A classification system based on structural and electron donor properties is presented.
  • Diverse oxygenation chemistries and successful engineering strategies are highlighted.

Conclusions:

  • FPMOs are powerful and adaptable biocatalysts for sustainable chemical synthesis.
  • Understanding FPMO classification and engineering is key to expanding their applications.
  • Further development of FPMOs promises greener chemical manufacturing processes.