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Related Concept Videos

ATP and Energy Production01:23

ATP and Energy Production

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Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a critical molecule that functions as the main energy carrier in cells. Structurally, ATP consists of an adenosine molecule—comprising adenine and ribose—bonded to three phosphate groups. The high-energy bonds between these phosphate groups store significant amounts of potential energy. This energy is released during hydrolysis, wherein ATP is converted to adenosine diphosphate (ADP) or adenosine monophosphate (AMP), driving a variety of essential...
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ATP Energy Storage and Release01:31

ATP Energy Storage and Release

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ATP is a highly unstable molecule. Unless quickly used to perform work, ATP spontaneously dissociates into ADP and inorganic phosphate (Pi), and the free energy released during this process is lost as heat. The energy released by ATP hydrolysis is used to perform work inside the cell and depends on a strategy called energy coupling. Cells couple the exergonic reaction of ATP hydrolysis with endergonic reactions, allowing them to proceed.
One example of energy coupling using ATP involves a...
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Hydrolysis of ATP01:08

Hydrolysis of ATP

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The bonds of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) can be broken through the addition of water, releasing one or two phosphate groups in an exergonic process called hydrolysis. This reaction liberates the energy in the bonds for use in the cell—for instance, to synthesize proteins from amino acids.
If one phosphate group is removed, a molecule of ADP—adenosine diphosphate—remains, along with inorganic phosphate. ADP can be further hydrolyzed to AMP—adenosine...
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ATP Synthase: Structure01:18

ATP Synthase: Structure

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ATP synthase or ATPase is among the most conserved proteins found in bacteria, mammals, and plants. This enzyme can catalyze a forward reaction in response to the electrochemical gradient, producing ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate. ATP synthase can also work in a reverse direction by hydrolyzing ATP and generating an electrochemical gradient. Different forms of ATP synthases have evolved special features to meet the specific demands of the cell. Based on their specific feature, ATP...
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ATP Driven Pumps I: An Overview01:27

ATP Driven Pumps I: An Overview

9.3K
ATP-driven pumps, also known as transport ATPases, are integral membrane proteins. They have binding sites for ATP located on the membrane's cytosolic side and the ion-conducting domain in the transmembrane region. These pumps use the free energy released from ATP hydrolysis to move the solutes across cell membranes against an electrochemical gradient.
There are four main types of ATP-driven pumps - P-type, V-type, F-type, and ABC transporter. All these pumps are of varying complexities and...
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Coupled Reactions01:17

Coupled Reactions

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Cellular processes such as building and breaking down complex molecules occur through stepwise chemical reactions. Some of these chemical reactions are spontaneous and release energy, whereas others require energy to proceed. Cells often couple the energy-releasing reaction with the energy-requiring one to carry out important cell functions. 
Energy in adenosine triphosphate or ATP molecules is easily accessible to do work. ATP powers the majority of energy-requiring cellular reactions....
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 17, 2025

Fluorescence Microscopy for ATP Internalization Mediated by Macropinocytosis in Human Tumor Cells and Tumor-xenografted Mice
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ATP - A friend with benefits.

Sharath K Kumar1, Garry R Thomas1, Sheldon M Singh2

  • 1Schulich Heart Program, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.

Journal of Electrocardiology
|February 15, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Anti-tachycardia pacing effectively managed recurrent atrioventricular nodal re-entry tachycardia in a patient with a biventricular implantable cardioverter defibrillator. This approach prevented shocks and addressed supraventricular arrhythmias post-implantation.

Keywords:
Anti-tachycardia pacingAtrioventricular nodal re-entrant tachycardiaCardiac resynchronization therapy

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Electrophysiology
  • Medical Devices

Background:

  • Anti-tachycardia pacing (ATP) is a recognized therapy for ventricular tachyarrhythmias.
  • Implantable cardioverter defibrillators (ICDs) are used for primary prevention of sudden cardiac death.
  • Supraventricular tachycardias can occur post-device implantation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To describe the successful use of ATP for managing atrioventricular nodal re-entry tachycardia (AVNRT).
  • To illustrate a case of managing supraventricular tachycardia in a patient with a biventricular ICD.

Main Methods:

  • A 63-year-old female with nonischemic cardiomyopathy received a primary prevention biventricular ICD.
  • Device electrograms identified recurrent episodes of AVNRT post-implantation.
  • Anti-tachycardia pacing was employed to terminate the identified tachycardias.

Main Results:

  • The patient experienced recurrent episodes of atrioventricular nodal re-entry tachycardia.
  • Anti-tachycardia pacing was successfully utilized to manage these supraventricular tachyarrhythmia episodes.
  • The use of ATP aimed to prevent inappropriate shocks from the biventricular ICD.

Conclusions:

  • Anti-tachycardia pacing can be an effective strategy for managing supraventricular tachycardias, such as AVNRT, in patients with biventricular ICDs.
  • This case highlights the utility of ATP beyond its traditional role in ventricular arrhythmias.
  • Device-based management of tachyarrhythmias requires careful consideration of both ventricular and supraventricular arrhythmias.