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Related Concept Videos

Oxidation of Alkenes: Syn Dihydroxylation with Potassium Permanganate02:21

Oxidation of Alkenes: Syn Dihydroxylation with Potassium Permanganate

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Alkenes can be dihydroxylated using potassium permanganate.  The method encompasses the reaction of an alkene with a cold, dilute solution of potassium permanganate under basic conditions to form a cis-diol along with a brown precipitate of manganese dioxide.
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Oxidation of Alkenes: Syn Dihydroxylation with Osmium Tetraoxide02:44

Oxidation of Alkenes: Syn Dihydroxylation with Osmium Tetraoxide

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Alkenes are converted to 1,2-diols or glycols through a process called dihydroxylation. It involves the addition of two hydroxyl groups across the double bond with two different stereochemical approaches, namely anti and syn. Dihydroxylation using osmium tetroxide progresses with syn stereochemistry.
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Oxidation of Alkenes: Anti Dihydroxylation with Peroxy Acids02:04

Oxidation of Alkenes: Anti Dihydroxylation with Peroxy Acids

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Diols are compounds with two hydroxyl groups. In addition to syn dihydroxylation, diols can also be synthesized through the process of anti dihydroxylation. The process involves treating an alkene with a peroxycarboxylic acid to form an epoxide. Epoxides are highly strained three-membered rings with oxygen and two carbons occupying the corners of an equilateral triangle. This step is followed by ring-opening of the epoxide in the presence of an aqueous acid to give a trans diol.
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Oxidative Cleavage of Alkenes: Ozonolysis01:46

Oxidative Cleavage of Alkenes: Ozonolysis

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In ozonolysis, ozone is used to cleave a carbon–carbon double bond to form aldehydes and ketones, or carboxylic acids, depending on the work-up.
Ozone is a symmetrical bent molecule stabilized by a resonance structure.
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Thermal and Photochemical Electrocyclic Reactions: Overview01:26

Thermal and Photochemical Electrocyclic Reactions: Overview

2.7K
Electrocyclic reactions are reversible reactions. They involve an intramolecular cyclization or ring-opening of a conjugated polyene. Shown below are two examples of electrocyclic reactions. In the first reaction, the formation of the cyclic product is favored. In contrast, in the second reaction, ring-opening is favored due to the high ring strain associated with cyclobutene formation.
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Redox Reactions01:24

Redox Reactions

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Oxidation-reduction or redox reactions involve the transfer of electrons from one molecule or atom to another. When an atom gains an electron, another atom must lose an electron, meaning oxidation and reduction must occur together. Since the redox occurs in pairs, the atom that gets oxidized is also called the reducing agent or reductant, and the atom that is reduced is also called the oxidizing agent or oxidant. A straightforward way to remember the definitions of oxidation and reduction is...
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Updated: Nov 17, 2025

Developing Photosensitizer-Cobaloxime Hybrids for Solar-Driven H2 Production in Aqueous Aerobic Conditions
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Photochemical hydrogen evolution from cobalt microperoxidase-11.

Emily H Edwards1, Jana Jelušić1, Saikat Chakraborty1

  • 1Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, United States of America.

Journal of Inorganic Biochemistry
|February 15, 2021
PubMed
Summary

This study introduces a novel photochemical system for hydrogen generation from water using a biomolecular catalyst, acetylated cobalt microperoxidase-11 (CoMP11-Ac). This system efficiently produces hydrogen under visible light, offering a stable and neutral-pH-compatible alternative to traditional methods.

Keywords:
Artificial photosynthesisBiomolecular catalystCobalt catalysisHydrogen evolutionNeutral waterPhotocatalysis

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Area of Science:

  • Catalysis
  • Photochemistry
  • Biomolecular Engineering

Background:

  • Hydrogen generation from water is crucial for sustainable energy.
  • Developing efficient and stable catalysts for water splitting remains a challenge.
  • Cobalt-based catalysts often require acidic conditions, limiting practical applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a visible light-driven photochemical system for hydrogen generation.
  • To investigate the catalytic performance of acetylated cobalt microperoxidase-11 (CoMP11-Ac) in a photochemical system.
  • To explore the potential of biomolecular catalysts for neutral-pH water splitting.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing a semisynthetic biomolecular catalyst, acetylated cobalt microperoxidase-11 (CoMP11-Ac).
  • Employing [Ru(bpy)3]2+ as a photosensitizer and ascorbic acid as an electron donor.
  • Conducting visible light-driven reactions to generate hydrogen from water.

Main Results:

  • The photochemical system successfully generated hydrogen from water.
  • Turnover numbers ranged from 606 to 2390, indicating high efficiency.
  • The catalyst demonstrated remarkable longevity, sustaining catalysis for over 20 hours.
  • Optimal performance was observed at neutral pH, a unique characteristic for cobalt catalysts.

Conclusions:

  • The developed photochemical system with CoMP11-Ac offers an efficient route for hydrogen production.
  • The catalyst's stability and neutral-pH activity present significant advantages over electrochemical systems.
  • Incorporating biomolecular components in catalyst design is a promising strategy for sustainable hydrogen generation from neutral-pH water sources.