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Unlike parametric methods, nonparametric statistics are ideal for nominal and ordinal data, requiring fewer assumptions about the population's nature or distribution. This makes nonparametric methods easier to apply and interpret, as they do not depend on parameters like mean or standard deviation. One common approach in nonparametric analysis is to sort data according to a specific criterion. For instance, we might arrange weather data from hottest to coldest days in a month or rank cities...
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A percentile indicates the relative standing of a data value when data are sorted into numerical order from smallest to largest. It represents the percentages of data values that are less than or equal to the pth percentile. For example, 15% of data values are less than or equal to the 15th percentile.
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Geographic Information Systems (GIS) operate across three levels of application, each representing an increasing degree of complexity: data management, analysis, and prediction. These levels reflect the expanding functionality and versatility of GIS technology in handling spatial data for diverse purposes.Data ManagementAt its foundational level, GIS serves as a tool for data management, enabling the input, storage, retrieval, and organization of spatial data. This level is often employed in...
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Quartiles are numbers that separate the data into quarters. Quartiles may or may not be part of the data. To find the quartiles, first, find the median or second quartile. The first quartile, Q1, is the middle value of the lower half of the data, and the third quartile, Q3, is the middle value, or median, of the upper half of the data. To get the idea, consider the same data set:
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A Geographic Information System (GIS) combines specialized software and hardware to effectively manage, analyze, and present spatial and related data. GIS software includes critical functionalities such as a user interface for easy navigation, database management tools for handling spatial and attribute data, and data retrieval features for efficient access. Analytical tools transform raw data into insights, while display functions produce maps and reports in various formats for effective...
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The "center" of a data set is also a way of describing location. The two most widely used measures of the "center" of the data are the mean (average) and the median. The words "mean" and "average" are often used interchangeably. The substitution of one word for the other is common practice. The technical term is "arithmetic mean" and "average" is technically a center location. However, in practice among non-statisticians,...
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Design and Construction of an Urban Runoff Research Facility
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Benchmarking the performance of US Municipalities.

Caitlin T O'Loughlin1, Paul W Wilson2

  • 1Department of Supervision, Regulation, and Credit, Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA USA.

Empirical Economics
|February 16, 2021
PubMed
Summary

US municipal governments

Area of Science:

  • Public Administration
  • Urban Studies
  • Econometrics

Background:

  • The performance of US municipal governments is crucial for public service delivery.
  • Previous studies on municipal efficiency often assume convex production sets, potentially limiting accuracy.
  • The 2007-2008 financial crisis provides a critical period to assess government performance.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the technical efficiency and productivity of US municipal governments.
  • To investigate the impact of the 2007-2008 financial crisis on municipal performance.
  • To explore regional and temporal variations in government production sets.

Main Methods:

  • Employed fully nonparametric methods to estimate technical efficiencies.
  • Utilized recently developed statistical results for advanced analysis.
Keywords:
CitiesEfficiencyNonparametricProductivity

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  • Allowed for non-convexity in local government production sets, a departure from prior research.

    • Main Results:

    • Strong evidence suggests non-convexity in municipal production sets, challenging previous findings.
    • Municipal production sets exhibit significant differences across time and US regions.
    • Municipalities in the Midwest and South generally outperformed those in the Northeast and West.

    Conclusions:

    • Non-convexity is a key characteristic of municipal production, necessitating advanced analytical methods.
    • Regional disparities in efficiency and productivity exist among US cities.
    • Midwest and Southern municipalities demonstrated superior performance both pre- and post-financial crisis.