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Related Concept Videos

Nucleosome Remodeling02:54

Nucleosome Remodeling

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Nucleosomes are the basic units of chromatin compaction. Each nucleosome consists of the DNA bound tightly around a histone core, which makes the DNA inaccessible to DNA binding proteins such as DNA polymerase and RNA polymerase. Hence, the fundamental problem is to ensure access to DNA when appropriate, despite the compact and protective chromatin structure.
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The process of chromosome duplication during cell division requires genome-wide disruption and re-assembly of chromatin. The chromatin structure must be accurately inherited, reassembled, and maintained in the daughter cells to ensure lineage propagation.
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Each human somatic cell contains 6 billion base pairs of DNA. Each base pair is 0.34 nm long, meaning each diploid cell contains a staggering 2 meters of DNA. This long DNA strand is packed inside a nucleus measuring only 10-20 microns in diameter with the help of specialized DNA-binding proteins called histones. Together they form a compact DNA-protein complex called chromatin. The chromatin is further compacted into higher-order structures. The highest level of compaction is achieved during...
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Each human somatic cell contains 6 billion base-pairs of DNA. Each base-pair is 0.34 nm long, which means that each diploid cell contains a staggering 2 meters of DNA. How is such a long DNA strand packed inside a nucleus measuring only 10 - 20 microns in diameter? 
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The histone proteins in the nucleosomes are post-translationally modified (PTM) to increase or decrease access to DNA. The commonly observed PTMs are methylation, acetylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination of lysine amino acids in the histone H3 tail region. These histone modifications have specific meaning for the cell. Hence, they are called "histone code". The protein complex involved in histone modification is termed as "reader-writer" complex.
Writers
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 17, 2025

Assembly of Nucleosomal Arrays from Recombinant Core Histones and Nucleosome Positioning DNA
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Engineering nucleosomes for generating diverse chromatin assemblies.

Zenita Adhireksan1,2, Deepti Sharma1,2, Phoi Leng Lee1,2

  • 1School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, 637551, Singapore.

Nucleic Acids Research
|February 16, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Researchers developed a new X-ray crystallography method using cohesive-ended DNA to create ordered chromatin structures. This technique enables high-resolution structural analysis of nucleosome compaction and linker histone interactions, advancing chromatin biology.

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Area of Science:

  • Structural Biology
  • Biophysics
  • Nanotechnology

Background:

  • Chromatin structural characterization is difficult due to heterogeneity and dynamic properties.
  • While electron microscopy resolution has improved, X-ray crystallography offers advantages for compact systems.
  • Crystalline states can mimic the crowded nuclear environment for structural studies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a novel X-ray crystallography approach for high-resolution chromatin structure determination.
  • To enable detailed analysis of nucleosome compaction and linker histone binding.
  • To create new DNA-based nanomaterials with diverse architectures.

Main Methods:

  • Designing nucleosomal constructs with cohesive-ended DNA for self-assembly.
  • Utilizing X-ray crystallography to solve structures of assembled chromatin fibers and rings.
  • Characterizing nucleosome compaction and linker histone interactions at near-atomic resolution.

Main Results:

  • Successfully assembled nucleosomal constructs into various circular configurations and continuous fibers within crystals.
  • Achieved near-atomic resolution for structural characterization of nucleosome compaction and linker histone binding.
  • Demonstrated the potential for generating novel DNA nanostructures with varied architectures.

Conclusions:

  • The cohesive-ended DNA method provides a powerful tool for high-resolution chromatin structural biology.
  • This approach facilitates the study of nucleosome organization and epigenetic modifications.
  • The strategy opens avenues for engineering custom DNA nanomaterials for diverse applications.