Related Experiment Video
Updated: Nov 17, 2025
Post-Myocardial Infarction Heart Failure in Closed-chest Coronary Occlusion/Reperfusion Model in Göttingen Minipigs and Landrace Pigs
Published on: April 17, 2021
Sex differences in long-term cardiovascular outcomes among patients with acute myocardial infarction: A
Shih-Sheng Chang1,2, Shih-Yi Lin2,3, Jung-Nien Lai4,5
1Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.
Insights
Women with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) face worse short-term outcomes, but long-term mortality risks equalize with men. Female AMI patients have higher risks for stroke and heart failure up to three years post-event.
Area of Science:
- Cardiology
- Public Health
- Epidemiology
Background:
- Investigating sex-based disparities in cardiovascular outcomes post-acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is crucial.
- Understanding the interplay of sex, age, and long-term prognosis after AMI is essential for targeted patient care.
Purpose of the Study:
- To examine sex differences in in-hospital and long-term cardiovascular outcomes among patients experiencing AMI.
- To analyze the impact of age stratification on these sex-based outcome disparities.
Main Methods:
- A population-based retrospective cohort study utilizing Taiwan's National Health Insurance Research Database.
- Inclusion of patients diagnosed with AMI between January 1, 2000, and December 31, 2013.
- Assessment of outcomes including all-cause mortality, cardiovascular death, stroke, heart failure, and AMI recurrence over hospitalization and a 5-year follow-up period.
Main Results:
- Analysis of 201,921 AMI patients (68.72% male, 31.28% female), with women being older on average.
- Women consistently experienced higher rates of major adverse cardiac events during hospitalization and up to 5 years post-AMI.
- Multivariable analysis showed no sex difference in long-term all-cause or cardiovascular mortality, but men had higher AMI recurrence rates. Female sex independently predicted increased risk of non-fatal stroke and heart failure up to 3 years.
Conclusions:
- While women with AMI exhibit poorer short-term and long-term outcomes, sex differences in long-term mortality diminish after multivariate adjustment.
- Female AMI patients demonstrate an independent higher risk for stroke and heart failure within the initial three years post-hospitalization.
- Further research is warranted to elucidate the pathophysiology in female AMI patients and optimize their management strategies.
Background:
Whether a sex difference exists in long-term cardiovascular (CV) outcomes after acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is worth exploration. This study is sought to investigate the relationships among sex, age, and the long-term prognosis after AMI.
Methods:
This population-based retrospective cohort study used Taiwan's National Health Insurance Research Database to investigate the sex differences in in-hospital and long-term CV outcomes in patients with AMI. We enrolled patients who were first diagnosed with AMI from January 1, 2000 to December 31, 2013. The outcomes of interest included all-cause mortality, CV death, non-fatal stroke, non-fatal heart failure, and AMI recurrence during hospitalization and 5-year follow up. The CV outcomes were also analyzed by age stratification.
Results:
Overall, 201 921 patients with AMI were analyzed; 68.72% were men and 31.28% were women, with mean ages of 65.34 ± 14.12 and 73.05 ± 12.22 years, respectively. Major adverse cardiac events during hospitalization and up to 5 years were consistently greater in women than in men. Multivariable regression analysis revealed no sex difference existed in long-term all-cause and CV mortality. Men of all age groups consistently showed higher risk of both short- and long-term recurrence of AMI. Nonetheless, the female sex still independently predicted increased risk of non-fatal stroke and heart failure from hospitalization until 3-year follow up.
Conclusion:
Women with AMI had poorer short-term and long-term outcomes. The sex differences in long-term all-cause and CV death disappear after multivariate analysis. Nonetheless, female AMI patients independently predicted higher risk of stroke and heart failure from hospitalization until a 3-year follow-up. To better understand the pathophysiology of female patients with AMI and develop more effective management, more studies in this field are necessary in the future.
More Related Videos
05:41Left Anterior Descending Coronary Artery Ligation for Ischemia-Reperfusion Research: Model Improvement via Technical Modifications and Quality Control
Published on: December 16, 2022
04:41Digital PCR for Quantifying Circulating MicroRNAs in Acute Myocardial Infarction and Cardiovascular Disease
Published on: July 3, 2018
Related Concept Videos
01:26Longitudinal Studies
01:30Acute Coronary Syndrome III: Diagnostic Studies
01:17Ischemic Heart Disease: Overview
Atherosclerosis, the primary malefactor, orchestrates this dangerous condition. It manifests as the accumulation of fatty deposits, akin to insidious plaques, within arterial walls. As time elapses, these plaques metamorphose, hardening and...
01:19Acute Coronary Syndrome II: Pathophysiology and Clinical Manifestations
01:23Assessment of the Cardiovascular System I: Subjective Data
Initial Enquiry
Ask the patient about their primary concern and thoroughly explore all reported symptoms.
Medical History
Investigate past illnesses affecting the cardiovascular system, such as angina, anemia, rheumatic fever, congenital heart disease, stroke, thrombophlebitis, dysrhythmias, varicosities
Inquire about symptoms...
01:30Coronary Artery Disease III: Clinical Manifestations