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Investigative genetic genealogy: Current methods, knowledge and practice.

Daniel Kling1, Christopher Phillips2, Debbie Kennett3

  • 1Department of Forensic Genetics and Forensic Toxicology, National Board of Forensic Medicine, Linköping, Sweden; Department of Forensic Sciences, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.

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|February 16, 2021
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Investigative genetic genealogy (IGG) uses dense SNP data to identify suspects and missing persons by inferring distant genetic relationships. This review explores IGG methods, technologies, and operational limits for forensic applications.

Keywords:
Crime investigationFamilial searchingForensic DNA analysisGenetic genealogyIdentity by descentSNP microarraysWhole-genome-sequencing

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Area of Science:

  • Forensic Science
  • Genetics
  • Genealogy

Background:

  • Investigative genetic genealogy (IGG) is a rapidly advancing forensic discipline.
  • IGG utilizes dense single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) data for relationship inference.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To describe the process of using SNP data for inferring distant relationships in forensic investigations.
  • To review methods for relationship matching and SNP analysis in identifying criminal suspects or missing persons.
  • To examine the effectiveness, operational limits, and future validation of IGG technologies and data.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of dense SNP data (over 500,000 markers) to infer genetic relatedness.
  • Review of relationship matching and SNP analysis techniques in a forensic context.
  • Investigation of direct-to-consumer (DTC) genetic ancestry testing company methods and IGG provider operations via questionnaire.

Main Results:

  • Dense SNP data enables inference of genetic relatedness beyond first cousins.
  • IGG methods are applied to identify individuals in criminal investigations and locate missing persons.
  • Current knowledge on proprietary algorithms is reviewed, alongside operational summaries from IGG providers.

Conclusions:

  • There is a critical need to understand the models and technologies underpinning forensic IGG.
  • Further research is required for the forensic validation of IGG methods and data.
  • This review synthesizes current knowledge and suggests future research directions for IGG in forensic science.