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Surface Mapping of Earth-like Exoplanets using Single Point Light Curves
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A backward-spinning star with two coplanar planets.

Maria Hjorth1, Simon Albrecht2, Teruyuki Hirano3

  • 1Stellar Astrophysics Centre, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
|February 17, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Stars and their planet-forming disks are usually aligned. This study shows K2-290 A has a misaligned star and disk, demonstrating how companion stars can cause primordial misalignment, not just later disruption.

Keywords:
binary hostexoplanetsobliquityprimordial inclinationsystem formation

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Area of Science:

  • Exoplanetary Science
  • Stellar Astrophysics
  • Planet Formation

Background:

  • Stars and protoplanetary disks are typically assumed to form aligned.
  • Misalignments between stellar rotation and planetary orbits are often attributed to post-formation gravitational perturbations.
  • Previous examples of misaligned systems often involved isolated planets, complicating the interpretation of their origins.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the origin of star-disk misalignment in multi-planet systems.
  • To determine if primordial misalignment, caused by external gravitational torques, is a viable explanation.
  • To present a clear case study of a system exhibiting significant misalignment.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of observational data for the K2-290 A system.
  • Stellar inclination measurement relative to planetary orbital planes.
  • Identification and characterization of wide-orbiting stellar companions.

Main Results:

  • The star K2-290 A exhibits a significant tilt (approximately 40 degrees) relative to the orbital planes of its two known planets.
  • A wide-orbiting stellar companion to K2-290 A was identified.
  • The gravitational influence of the companion star is capable of inducing the observed protoplanetary disk tilt.

Conclusions:

  • The K2-290 A system provides strong evidence that stars and their protoplanetary disks can become significantly misaligned due to gravitational torques from companion stars.
  • This finding supports the theory of primordial misalignment caused by external gravitational interactions during star and planet formation.
  • The study clarifies a mechanism for generating misaligned planetary systems that is distinct from post-formation dynamical processes.