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Updated: Nov 17, 2025

Objective Nociceptive Assessment in Ventilated ICU Patients: A Feasibility Study Using Pupillometry and the Nociceptive Flexion Reflex
Published on: July 4, 2018
Instrument Development: Knowledge, Attitudes, and Confidence in Palliative Care Concepts Held by Trauma and
Carol Diane Epstein1, Christina Ventura-DiPersia2
1Pace University, Pleasantville, NY.
Background And Purpose:
Unique pressures impact trauma intensive care unit (TICU) nurses in their provision of care for severely injured patients. When it becomes clinically obvious that these patients may not survive, TICU nurses must continue life-saving measures while at the same time consider a palliative care consultation. In order to facilitate this referral, TICU nurses need to have the appropriate knowledge, attitude, and confidence in doing so. The purpose of this study is to refine an instrument that aims to support this process.
Methods:
A convenience sample of 42 respondents completed the Knowledge, Attitudinal, and Experiential Survey on Advance Directive (KAESAD).
Results:
Domains with the highest Cronbach's alpha value were "professional attitudes" (α = .995) and "clinical experiences" (α = .999).
Conclusions:
Reliability assessments suggest that most domains of the instrument have strong internal consistency, and with a larger sample size, future studies may elucidate how nurse educators can use this instrument to target areas for continuing education.
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