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Turbulent Flow01:24

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Turbulent flow is characterized by unpredictable fluctuations in velocity and pressure, which result in a chaotic fluid movement distinct from the orderly patterns of laminar flow. While laminar flow is governed by smooth, parallel layers with minimal mixing, turbulent flow exhibits highly irregular, three-dimensional patterns. This behavior arises due to instabilities in the fluid's velocity profile, and amplifies as the flow velocity increases. Minor disturbances, known as turbulent...
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During leveling, the Earth's curvature and atmospheric refraction introduce deviations in the line of sight from a true horizontal reference. When the line of sight is leveled, it remains perpendicular to the plumb line only at a single point. Beyond this, it deviates due to the Earth’s curvature, represented by the correction C. For a sight distance D, the deviation can be derived using the relationship:This relationship shows that the deviation increases quadratically with distance. Over a...
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Rapidly varying flow (RVF) in open channels is characterized by abrupt changes in flow depth over a short distance, with the rate of depth change relative to distance often approaching unity. These flows are inherently complex due to their transient and multi-dimensional nature, making exact analysis difficult. However, approximate solutions using simplified models provide valuable insights into their behavior.Key Features of Rapidly Varying FlowRVF is commonly observed in scenarios involving...
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In a fluid at rest, the pressure at any point beneath the fluid surface depends solely on the depth, not on the container's shape or size. This principle, known as hydrostatic pressure, arises because, in stationary fluids, there is no acceleration, meaning the forces within the fluid balance out. Only vertical forces, caused by the weight of the fluid above, contribute to pressure changes with depth.
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Simultaneous Measurement of Turbulence and Particle Kinematics Using Flow Imaging Techniques
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Deep-sea turbulence evolution observed by multiple closely spaced instruments.

Chu-Fang Yang1,2,3, Wu-Cheng Chi4, Hans van Haren5

  • 1Earth System Science Program, Taiwan International Graduate Program (TIGP), Academia Sinica and National Central University, Taipei, Taiwan. kcfyang@sinica.edu.tw.

Scientific Reports
|February 17, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Ocean bottom seismometers (OBSs) detected near-seafloor turbulence generated by internal wave breaking on a Pacific slope. These findings reveal turbulence dynamics influenced by seafloor topography and typhoon events.

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Area of Science:

  • * Oceanography and Geophysical Fluid Dynamics
  • * Deep-sea turbulence and mixing processes

Background:

  • * Deep ocean turbulence is poorly understood due to complex multi-scale processes and interactions.
  • * Internal wave breaking on seafloor topography is a key mechanism for generating deep-sea turbulence.
  • * Comprehensive turbulence measurements are challenging but crucial for understanding ocean mixing.

Purpose of the Study:

  • * To characterize turbulence induced by internal waves at 3000m depth on a Pacific continental slope.
  • * To investigate the role of seafloor topography in modulating deep-sea turbulence.
  • * To assess the utility of ocean bottom seismometers (OBSs) for turbulence observation.

Main Methods:

  • * Deployment of four broadband OBSs and a 200-m thermistor string (T-string) in a 1x1 km array.
  • * High-resolution spatiotemporal observation of near-seafloor conditions.
  • * Correlation analysis between OBS-derived kinetic energy and T-string-derived turbulent kinetic energy dissipation rate.

Main Results:

  • * OBS signals correlated with T-string data, indicating detection of near-seafloor turbulence.
  • * Strong turbulence disturbances observed during a typhoon, linked to breaking large-scale inertial waves (0.2-0.5 m/s upslope transport).
  • * Turbulence patterns varied with small-scale seafloor ridges, demonstrating localized wave breaking effects.

Conclusions:

  • * Arrayed OBSs provide valuable complementary data for characterizing deep-sea turbulence.
  • * Seafloor topography significantly influences the spatial distribution and intensity of turbulence.
  • * Typhoon-induced inertial waves are a potent source of deep-ocean mixing.