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When more is more: redundant modifiers can facilitate visual search.

Gwendolyn Rehrig1, Reese A Cullimore2, John M Henderson2,3

  • 1Department of Psychology, University of California, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA, 95616-5270, USA. glrehrig@ucdavis.edu.

Cognitive Research: Principles and Implications
|February 17, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Providing extra, non-essential details in instructions can speed up visual search. This redundant information helps when it is specific and relevant to the task, improving how people find objects.

Keywords:
AdjectivesGricean maximsOverinformativityTemplate guidanceVisual search

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Linguistics
  • Human-Computer Interaction

Background:

  • The Gricean Maxim of Quantity suggests speakers provide only necessary information.
  • However, speakers often include redundant information to enhance clarity and precision.
  • This study explores the utility of such non-contrastive information in visual search tasks.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate if non-contrastive modifiers in instructions facilitate visual search in real-world scenes.
  • To determine if redundant information that improves reference precision aids search performance.
  • To examine the conditions under which extra information is beneficial for task completion.

Main Methods:

  • Two visual search experiments were conducted with participants (N=96).
  • Participants searched for a target object using instructions with no modifier, a location modifier, or a color modifier.
  • Search performance was measured by the time taken to locate the target.

Main Results:

  • Including location or color modifiers in instructions led to faster target identification in Experiment 1.
  • A combined analysis revealed an overall benefit from color modifiers.
  • Search facilitation occurred when modifiers were perceptually relevant and constrained the search space or augmented the target template.

Conclusions:

  • Violations of the Maxim of Quantity can enhance search performance if the redundant information is task-relevant and reliable.
  • Listeners benefit from non-contrastive information that improves reference precision, demonstrating rational reference comprehension.
  • Instructions in various real-world applications can be improved by including seemingly redundant, but task-specific, information.