Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Microtubules in Signaling01:22

Microtubules in Signaling

1.9K
The primary cilium, made up of microtubules, acts as antennae on the cell surfaces for relaying external stimuli into the cells. These fine hair-like structures are present, generally one per cell. These are non-motile cilia in a 9+0 microtubules arrangement, where the central pair of microtubules are absent. The primary cilia arise from the basal body embedded in the cell membrane. Intraflagellar transport (IFT) carries requisite proteins from the cytoplasm to the cilium because the primary...
1.9K
Mechanism of Lamellipodia Formation01:31

Mechanism of Lamellipodia Formation

3.2K
Cells migrating in response to external stimuli form lamellipodia, which are thin membrane protrusions supported by a mesh of linked, branched, or unbranched actin filaments. These actin filaments interact with myosin motor proteins, creating the dynamic actomyosin complex within the cytoskeleton. Contractility, or the ability to generate contractile stress, is inherent to the actomyosin complex. It helps cells detect the stiffness of the surrounding ECM and exert contractile force for...
3.2K
Mechanism of Filopodia Formation01:39

Mechanism of Filopodia Formation

2.8K
Filopodia are thin, actin-rich cellular protrusions that play an important role in many fundamental cellular functions. They vary in their occurrence, length, and positioning in different cell types, suggesting their diverse roles.
Their main function is to guide migrating cells during normal tissue morphogenesis or cancer metastasis by recognizing and making initial contacts with the extracellular matrix. However, they can also act as stationary cell anchors or help to establish communication...
2.8K
Mechanism of Ciliary Motion01:05

Mechanism of Ciliary Motion

4.4K
The ciliary structures were first seen in 1647 by Antonie Leeuwenhoek while observing the protozoans. In lower organisms, these appendages are responsible for cell movement, while in higher organisms, these appendages help in the movement of the extracellular fluids within the body cavities.
The cilia are made up of microtubules in a 9+2 arrangement, with nine microtubule doublet ring bundles, surrounding a pair of central singlet microtubule bundles. The doublet microtubule bundles are...
4.4K
Cell Motility through Blebbing01:16

Cell Motility through Blebbing

2.2K
Blebs are a type of membrane protrusion formed by the internal hydrostatic pressure of the cytoplasm. Blebs are observed in several cell types, including fibroblasts, immune cells, and single-celled organisms like the amoeba. The primary function of blebs is cell locomotion and apoptosis, but they are also found during necrosis and cell division. The life cycle of a bleb comprises an initiation phase followed by the expansion and retraction phases.
Blebbing Through the Matrix
In multicellular...
2.2K
Role Of Notch Signalling In Intestinal Stem Cell Renewal01:12

Role Of Notch Signalling In Intestinal Stem Cell Renewal

2.2K
Notch signaling was first discovered in Drosophila melanogaster, where it is involved in cell lineage differentiation. Notch signaling regulates the maintenance and differentiation of intestinal stem cells or ISCs by controlling the expression of atonal homolog 1 or Atoh1. Atoh1 directs cells to differentiate into secretory cells.
Direct cell-to-cell contact is needed for the activation of Notch signaling. The signal is initiated when a notch ligand binds to a receptor on an adjacent cell, also...
2.2K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Subretinal injection in the USH1CR31∗ pig model leads to chorioretinal atrophy that limits evaluation of efficacy of an AAV-mediated gene therapy.

Experimental eye research·2026
Same author

Validated CRISPR/Cas9 guide RNAs targeting neurodevelopmental genes in the tunicate Ciona robusta.

Differentiation; research in biological diversity·2026
Same author

The adhesion GPCR ADGRV1 controls glutamate homeostasis in hippocampal astrocytes supporting neurons.

Acta neuropathologica communications·2026
Same author

Validated CRISPR/Cas9 guide RNAs targeting neurodevelopmental genes in the tunicate <i>Ciona robusta</i>.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026
Same author

Protocol for the isolation, culturing, and evaluation of primary Müller glial cells from pig retina as cellular models in health and disease.

STAR protocols·2026
Same author

Adhesion G protein-coupled receptors.

Pharmacological reviews·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 17, 2025

Light-mediated Reversible Modulation of the Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase Pathway during Cell Differentiation and Xenopus Embryonic Development
09:32

Light-mediated Reversible Modulation of the Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase Pathway during Cell Differentiation and Xenopus Embryonic Development

Published on: June 15, 2017

9.0K

Roles for ELMOD2 and Rootletin in ciliogenesis.

Rachel E Turn1,2, Joshua Linnert3, Eduardo D Gigante4,5

  • 1Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322.

Molecular Biology of the Cell
|February 17, 2021
PubMed
Summary

ELMOD2, ARL2, and Rootletin function together to prevent abnormal cilia formation and maintain centrosome cohesion. This pathway is crucial for regulating ciliary licensing and ensuring proper cell division.

More Related Videos

2D and 3D Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Based Models to Dissect Primary Cilium Involvement during Neocortical Development
14:19

2D and 3D Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Based Models to Dissect Primary Cilium Involvement during Neocortical Development

Published on: March 25, 2022

4.2K
Evaluation of Planar-Cell-Polarity Phenotypes in Ciliopathy Mouse Mutant Cochlea
07:07

Evaluation of Planar-Cell-Polarity Phenotypes in Ciliopathy Mouse Mutant Cochlea

Published on: February 21, 2016

10.8K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Nov 17, 2025

Light-mediated Reversible Modulation of the Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase Pathway during Cell Differentiation and Xenopus Embryonic Development
09:32

Light-mediated Reversible Modulation of the Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase Pathway during Cell Differentiation and Xenopus Embryonic Development

Published on: June 15, 2017

9.0K
2D and 3D Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Based Models to Dissect Primary Cilium Involvement during Neocortical Development
14:19

2D and 3D Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Based Models to Dissect Primary Cilium Involvement during Neocortical Development

Published on: March 25, 2022

4.2K
Evaluation of Planar-Cell-Polarity Phenotypes in Ciliopathy Mouse Mutant Cochlea
07:07

Evaluation of Planar-Cell-Polarity Phenotypes in Ciliopathy Mouse Mutant Cochlea

Published on: February 21, 2016

10.8K

Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Cilia Biology

Background:

  • ELMOD2 is a GTPase-activating protein with known roles in mitochondrial fusion and cytokinesis.
  • Previous work established ELMOD2's interaction with ARL2 and ARF6.
  • Dysregulation of cilia formation is linked to various human diseases.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of ELMOD2 in cilia formation and centrosome cohesion.
  • To elucidate the functional relationship between ELMOD2, ARL2, and Rootletin in ciliary processes.
  • To define the position of ELMOD2, ARL2, and Rootletin within the ciliation pathway.

Main Methods:

  • Generation and analysis of ELMOD2-deleted mouse embryonic fibroblasts.
  • Functional rescue experiments involving ARL2 activity modulation and Rootletin overexpression.
  • Screening of key markers involved in the ciliation pathway.

Main Results:

  • ELMOD2 deletion led to increased ciliation, multiciliation, altered ciliary morphology, and loss of centrosome cohesion.
  • Increasing ARL2 activity or overexpressing Rootletin rescued ELMOD2 deletion phenotypes.
  • Rootletin deletion phenocopied ELMOD2 deletion, with rescue by ARL2 but not ELMOD2.
  • ELMOD2, ARL2, and Rootletin were positioned downstream of TTBK2 and upstream of CP110 in the ciliation pathway.

Conclusions:

  • ELMOD2, ARL2, and Rootletin act in a conserved pathway to suppress spurious ciliation and maintain centrosome cohesion.
  • This pathway regulates ciliary licensing by controlling CP110 release and ciliary vesicle docking.
  • The findings reveal novel roles for ELMOD2 and Rootletin in ciliary biology and centrosome integrity.