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Updated: Nov 17, 2025
Analysis of Fecal Microbiota Dynamics in Lupus-Prone Mice Using a Simple, Cost-Effective DNA Isolation Method
Published on: May 2, 2022
New insights in gut-liver axis in wild-type murine imiquimod-induced lupus
Georges Maalouly1, Joelle Hajal2, Charbel Noujeim2
1Faculty of Medicine, CHU Hotel Dieu de France Hospital, Saint Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon.
Background:
Intestinal and hepatic manifestations of lupus seem to be underestimated in comparison to other major organ lesions. Although recent data point to gut-liver axis involvement in lupus, gut permeability dysfunction and liver inflammation need to be more investigated.
Objective:
This study aims to assess fecal calprotectin, intestinal tight junction proteins and liver inflammation pathway in wild-type murine imiquimod- induced lupus.
Methods:
C57BL/6 mice were topically treated on their right ears with 1.25 mg of 5% imiquimod cream, three times per week for six weeks. Fecal calprotectin was collected at day 0, 22 and 45. Renal, liver and intestinal pathology, as well as inflammatory markers, intestinal tight junction proteins, and E. coli protein in liver were assessed at sacrifice.
Results:
At six weeks, lupus nephritis was confirmed on histopathology and NGAL and KIM-1 expression. Calprotectin rise started at day 22 and persists at day 45. Protein expression of Claudine, ZO-1 and occludin was significantly decreased. E. coli protein was significantly increased in liver with necro-inflammation and increased TLR4, TLR7, and pNFκB/NFκB liver expression.
Conclusion:
This study is the first to demonstrate early fecal calprotectin increase and liver activation of TLR4- NFκB pathway in wild-type murine imiquimod-induced lupus.
