Spatial and demographic aspects of kala-azar (visceral leishmaniasis) in Iraq during 2011-2013

Visceral leishmaniasis (kala-azar) continues to be a significant public health issue and socioeconomic obstacle in Iraq. A descriptive study was conducted of confirmed kalaazar patients (n=2787) reported by the Communicable Diseases Control Center (CDCC), Iraq during the 3 year period of 2011-2013. Objectives were to identify possible associations of kala-azar with patient demographics (age, sex) and spatial localities (provincial sources and abiotic factors) as well as to map the disease in Iraq using GIS techniques. Males showed higher risk for kala-azar than females, and the majority of cases were recorded among those individuals <5 years of age. Approximately 40% of cases derived from the eastern provinces (Misan, Wasit and Diyala). Although most cases occurred in regions with moderate annual rainfall and a high rural population, elevation was the most significant explanatory variable when contrasted to rainfall, temperature, humidity and rural vs urban population status. These findings may provide insights for investigators assessing management approaches for the control of kala-azar in Iraq.