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Related Concept Videos

Transmission-based Precautions I: Contact, Enteric, and Droplets01:17

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Transmission-based precautions are for patients known to be infected or suspected to be infected or colonized with organisms that pose a significant risk to others. Some transmission-based precautions include contact, enteric, and droplet.
Contact Precautions:
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Transmission-based precautions are for patients infected or suspected to be infected (or colonized) with organisms posing a significant risk to others. The transmission precautions include airborne and protective environment precautions.
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Essential infection prevention measures are based on the knowledge of the infection chain, the modes of transmission in healthcare settings, and the use of the best practices in all healthcare settings. Compulsory public reporting of healthcare-associated infection rates is needed to allow individuals and the community to make informed choices regarding selecting a healthcare facility.
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Infection01:20

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When a pathogen enters the body and reproduces, it can cause an infection, damage body cells, and cause illness symptoms that eventually lead to disease. Therefore, its prevention requires breaking the chain of infection.
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Nursing management of pneumonia involves promoting airway patency, facilitating rest and conserving energy, encouraging fluid intake, maintaining nutrition, and educating patients.
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Standard Precaution01:26

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Standard precautions are the minimum infection control safeguards used while caring for all patients, irrespective of their disease condition. They help prevent the spread of common infectious microorganisms to healthcare workers, patients, and visitors in all healthcare settings.
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Poliovirus containment risks and their management.

Radboud J Duintjer Tebbens1, Dominika A Kalkowsa1, Kimberly M Thompson1

  • 1Kid Risk, Inc., Columbus, OH, USA.

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After oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV) cessation, OPV seed strains may pose a significant threat for poliovirus containment breaches within 5-10 years, especially in areas prone to fecal-oral transmission.

Keywords:
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Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Epidemiology
  • Public Health

Background:

  • The cessation of oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV) is a critical step towards global polio eradication.
  • Maintaining containment of poliovirus materials after OPV cessation is essential to prevent re-emergence.
  • Declining population immunity post-OPV cessation increases vulnerability to poliovirus transmission.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To assess the risks associated with breaches in poliovirus containment following OPV cessation.
  • To evaluate population vulnerability to poliovirus containment failures under waning immunity.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a dynamic transmission model to simulate poliovirus spread.
  • Explored variability in containment breach risks across different populations.
  • Modeled the impact of declining population immunity after OPV cessation.

Main Results:

  • While using OPV strains for inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV) production presents some risks, OPV seed strain releases emerge as a significant threat.
  • This threat is projected within 5-10 years post-OPV cessation.
  • Areas with high fecal-oral transmission are particularly vulnerable, irrespective of IPV usage.

Conclusions:

  • Quantifying risks highlights the challenges in managing low-probability, high-consequence poliovirus containment failures.
  • Proactive strategies are needed to address potential breaches and ensure continued polio eradication efforts.