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Self-discrepancy theory explains how people compare their actual self to their ideal and ought selves and how mismatches between these self-guides can lead to emotional distress. Developed by E. Tory Higgins, the theory distinguishes among three components of self-concept: the actual self, the ideal self, and the ought self. These refer respectively to how individuals perceive themselves, how they aspire to be, and how they believe they are obligated to be. Emotional well-being, self-esteem,...
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The Self-Evaluation Maintenance (SEM) model offers a psychological framework to understand how individuals’ self-esteem is influenced by the achievements of others, particularly those with whom they share close personal bonds. The SEM model operates when personal rather than social identity guides individuals. Central to this model is the notion that individuals have an inherent desire to preserve a favorable self-image, which is continuously shaped by interpersonal comparisons and...
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People can go to great lengths to protect their self-image and present themselves in ways that they want others to see them. Sociologist Erving Goffman presented the idea that a person is like an actor on a stage. Calling his theory dramaturgy, Goffman believed that we use “impression management” to present ourselves to others as we hope to be perceived. Each situation is a new scene, and individuals perform different roles depending on who is present (Goffman, 1959). Think about...
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Relational self-evaluations in dissociation: Implicit self-rejection?

Chui-De Chiu1, Hoi Lam Ho1, Marieke S Tollenaar2

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|February 18, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Individuals with dissociation implicitly associate themselves with rejection. This subconscious self-rejection may influence social interactions and relationships in those with dissociative symptoms.

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Area of Science:

  • Psychology
  • Clinical Psychology
  • Social Psychology

Background:

  • Schematic self-knowledge involves internal representations of the self in relation to others and surroundings.
  • Dysfunctional implicit self-evaluations, like associating the self with shame, are seen in trauma-spectrum disorders.
  • Dissociation may involve negative relational self-associations, such as linking the self with rejection.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate whether a negative relational self-association, specifically linking the self with rejection, characterizes dissociation.
  • To examine the relationship between implicit self-evaluation and dissociative tendencies.

Main Methods:

  • 106 community participants with varied experiences and mental health outcomes were recruited.
  • Implicit relational self-evaluation was measured using single-target implicit association tests.
  • Dissociation, anxiety, depression, self-esteem, and adverse interpersonal experiences were assessed using standardized scales.

Main Results:

  • Participants with higher levels of dissociation showed faster response times when pairing self-pronouns with rejection-related words compared to acceptance-related words.
  • The association between dissociation and self-rejection remained statistically significant after controlling for adverse interpersonal experiences, depression, anxiety, and self-esteem.

Conclusions:

  • A self-association with rejection was characteristic of individuals prone to dissociation.
  • This implicit self-evaluation may negatively bias perceptions of others' attitudes, leading to maladaptive social behaviors.
  • Such biases can impede the development and maintenance of relationships in individuals with dissociation.