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High-temperature stability and phase transformations of titanium carbide (Ti3C2T) MXene
Brian C Wyatt1,2, Srinivasa Kartik Nemani1,2, Krishay Desai1
1Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, Purdue School of Engineering and Technology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN 46202, United States of America.
Journal of Physics. Condensed Matter : an Institute of Physics Journal
|February 18, 2021
Summary
This study reveals how Ti3C2Tx MXene transforms into 3D Ti2C and TiC crystals at high temperatures, forming ultrathin lamellar structures suitable for high-temperature applications.
Area of Science:
- Materials Science
- Nanotechnology
- Solid-State Chemistry
Background:
- Two-dimensional (2D) MXenes are crucial for high-temperature applications due to their ultra-high temperature material properties.
- Understanding the phase stability and transformation of MXene cores at high temperatures (>700 °C) is essential but currently lacks fundamental insight.
Purpose of the Study:
- To investigate the high-temperature phase stability and transformation of Ti3C2Tx MXene in an inert environment.
- To elucidate the structural evolution of MXenes from 2D flakes to 3D crystalline structures under annealing.
Main Methods:
- Systematic annealing of Ti3C2Tx MXene films (single-flake and multi-layer clay forms) at temperatures ranging from 700 °C to 1500 °C.
- Utilized in situ hot stage X-ray diffraction (XRD2) up to 1000 °C and ex situ annealing with tube furnace and spark plasma sintering up to 1500 °C.
- Characterized resulting structures using cross-sectional scanning electron microscopy.
Main Results:
- Observed transformation of 2D Ti3C2Tx MXene to ordered vacancy superstructure of 3D Ti2C and TiC crystals at 700-1000 °C.
- Further transformation to disordered carbon vacancy cubic TiC at temperatures above 1000 °C.
- Morphology of 3D crystals (lamellar vs. cubic) depends on the initial Ti3C2Tx form (single-flake vs. multi-layer clay).
Conclusions:
- Ti3C2Tx MXene exhibits distinct phase transformations to 3D Ti2C and TiC crystals at elevated temperatures.
- The lamellar morphology of 3D grains formed above 1000 °C from single-flake MXene films offers potential for 2D additive applications in high-temperature carbide materials.
