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Updated: Nov 17, 2025

Multiplexed Immunofluorescence Analysis and Quantification of Intratumoral PD-1+ Tim-3+ CD8+ T Cells
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Emerging dynamics pathways of response and resistance to PD-1 and CTLA-4 blockade: tackling uncertainty by

Allan Relecom1, Maysaloun Merhi1, Varghese Inchakalody1

  • 1Department of Medical Oncology, Translational Research Institute, National Center for Cancer Care and Research, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar.

Journal of Experimental & Clinical Cancer Research : CR
|February 19, 2021
PubMed

Insights

Predicting patient response to immune checkpoint inhibitors remains challenging. This review explores immune system and tumor dynamics under blockade, focusing on action and resistance mechanisms for predicting therapeutic success.

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Oncology
  • Cancer Therapy

Background:

  • Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) offer therapeutic benefits in various cancers.
  • Suboptimal response rates and lack of predictive biomarkers limit ICI efficacy.
  • Understanding resistance mechanisms is crucial for improving treatment outcomes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the dynamics of the immune system and tumors under ICI therapy.
  • To elucidate mechanisms of action and adaptive resistance to ICIs.
  • To identify predictive markers for therapeutic response.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of recent studies on animal models and human patients.
  • Focus on immune system and tumor microenvironment changes.
  • Integration of data on mechanisms of action and resistance.

Main Results:

  • ICI therapy induces complex immune and tumor dynamics.
  • Adaptive resistance mechanisms can emerge under ICI pressure.
  • Specific dynamics and resistance patterns may predict treatment response.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding ICI action and resistance dynamics is key to improving patient selection.
  • Further research into predictive biomarkers is warranted.
  • Tailoring ICI therapy based on dynamic responses could enhance efficacy.
Keywords:
CTLA-4Dynamics biomarkersImmune checkpoint inhibitorsMDSCsPD-1Tregs

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