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Area of Science:

  • Evolutionary biology
  • Developmental biology
  • Systems biology

Background:

  • Genetic assimilation and accommodation are key evolutionary mechanisms for novel phenotypes.
  • Phenotypic traits can be canalized (stable) or plastic (environmentally responsive).
  • Existing theories vary in their emphasis on gene-environment interactions in development and evolution.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review theories on the developmental origins and evolution of novel phenotypes.
  • To explore mechanisms driving canalization and phenotypic plasticity.
  • To propose a systems-view for understanding genetic accommodation.

Main Methods:

  • Review of conceptual and mathematical models of phenotype development and evolution.
  • Analysis of theories on gene-environment interactions.
  • Proposal of a mechanistic systems-view of development.

Main Results:

  • Novel phenotypes arise and stabilize through genetic assimilation and accommodation.
  • Evolutionary outcomes include fixed, canalized traits or adaptive phenotypic plasticity.
  • A dynamic, systems-based perspective is crucial for a nuanced understanding of genetic accommodation.

Conclusions:

  • Phenotypes are dynamic system properties, not solely determined by genotype.
  • A mechanistic systems-view integrating genes and environment is essential.
  • This approach facilitates quantitative analysis and visualization of canalization and plasticity evolution.