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Related Concept Videos

Spreading of Chromatin Modifications02:25

Spreading of Chromatin Modifications

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The histone proteins in the nucleosomes are post-translationally modified (PTM) to increase or decrease access to DNA. The commonly observed PTMs are methylation, acetylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination of lysine amino acids in the histone H3 tail region. These histone modifications have specific meaning for the cell. Hence, they are called "histone code". The protein complex involved in histone modification is termed as "reader-writer" complex.
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Epigenetic Regulation01:37

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Epigenetic changes alter the physical structure of the DNA without changing the genetic sequence and often regulate whether genes are turned on or off. This regulation ensures that each cell produces only proteins necessary for its function. For example, proteins that promote bone growth are not produced in muscle cells. Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.
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Epigenetic Regulation01:46

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Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.
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In eukaryotic cells, nascent mRNA transcripts need to undergo many post-transcriptional modifications to reach the cell cytoplasm and translate into functional proteins. For a long time, transcription and pre-mRNA processing were considered two independent events that occur sequentially in the cell. However, it has now been well established that transcription and pre-mRNA processing are two simultaneous processes that are precisely regulated inside the cell.
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Duplication of Chromatin Structure02:05

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The process of chromosome duplication during cell division requires genome-wide disruption and re-assembly of chromatin. The chromatin structure must be accurately inherited, reassembled, and maintained in the daughter cells to ensure lineage propagation.
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Chromatin modification alters gene expression; therefore, scientists can add histone-modifying enzymes, histone variants, and chromatin remodeling complexes to somatic cells to aid reprogramming into pluripotent stem (iPS) cells.
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Chromatin Regulation in Development: Current Understanding and Approaches.

Zi Hao Zheng1,2, Tsz Wing Sam1,2, YingYing Zeng1,3

  • 1Laboratory for Epigenetics, Stem Cells & Cell Therapy, Programme in Stem Cell, Regenerative Medicine and Aging, ASTAR Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Singapore 138673.

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Chromatin regulation is key to mammalian stem cell fate determination. Recent single-cell technologies offer new insights into early embryogenesis and cell differentiation processes.

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Area of Science:

  • Developmental Biology
  • Genetics
  • Epigenetics

Background:

  • Mammalian stem cell fate is regulated by complex chromatin mechanisms.
  • Histone modifications, gene interactions, and topology are critical for cell fate determination.
  • Early embryogenesis research faced challenges in studying chromatin regulation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review technological advancements in studying chromatin regulation.
  • To highlight insights into early differentiation events.
  • To understand cell fate determination at the chromatin level.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent technological advancements.
  • Focus on single-cell approaches.
  • Analysis of chromatin structure and interactions.

Main Results:

  • Single-cell technologies provide unprecedented insights.
  • Understanding of chromatin regulation in early lineage segregation is enhanced.
  • New methods facilitate deciphering early embryogenesis mechanisms.

Conclusions:

  • Technological progress has significantly advanced the study of chromatin regulation in stem cell differentiation.
  • Single-cell methods are revolutionizing developmental biology.
  • Further research using these tools will deepen our understanding of cell fate determination.