Focused Review on Neural Correlates of Different Types of Motor Errors and Related Terminological Issues

The Error-related negativity (Ne/ERN) and the feedback-related negativity (FRN), two event-related potentials in electroencephalogram tracings, have been used to examine error processing in conscious actions. In the classical terminology the Ne/ERN and the FRN are differentiated with respect to whether internal (Ne/ERN) or external (FRN) error information is processed. In motor tasks, however, errors of different types can be made: A wrong action can be selected that is not adequate to achieve the task goal (or action effect), or the correctly selected action can be mis-performed such that the task goal might be missed (movement error). Depending on the motor task and the temporal sequences of these events, internal and external error information can coincide. Hence, a clear distinction of the information source is difficult, and the classical terminology that differentiates the Ne/ERN and the FRN with respect to internal and external error information becomes ambiguous. But, a stronger focus on the characteristics of the definition of "task" and the cause of "errors", as well as on temporal characteristics of event-related potentials with respect to the task action allows separate examination of the processing of movement errors, the processing of the prediction of action effect errors, or the processing of the detection of action effect errors. The present article gives an overview of example studies investigating the Ne/ERN and the FRN in motor tasks, classifies them with respect to action effect errors or movement errors, and proposes updated terminology.