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Investigation of Macrophage Polarization Using Bone Marrow Derived Macrophages
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Milk modulates macrophage polarization in vitro.

Layla Panahipour1, Evgeniya Kochergina1, Alexandra Kreissl2

  • 1Department of Oral Biology, Medical University of Vienna, Sensengasse 2a, 1090 Vienna, Austria.

Cytokine: X
|February 19, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Pasteurized milk, from humans or cows, shifts immune cells called macrophages from a pro-inflammatory state to a pro-resolving one. This milk-induced macrophage polarization may protect the oral cavity’s innate immunity.

Keywords:
InflammationMacrophagesMilkMucositisOralPolarisation

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Oral Biology
  • Nutritional Science

Background:

  • Milk consumption is linked to anti-inflammatory effects, notably in infant gut health.
  • Macrophages in the oral mucosa are key to innate immunity defense.
  • The impact of milk on macrophage polarization in the oral cavity remains unexplored.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate if pasteurized human and cow milk can induce macrophage polarization.
  • To determine if milk affects the M1 (pro-inflammatory) or M2 (pro-resolving) macrophage phenotype.

Main Methods:

  • Murine bone marrow macrophages and RAW264.7 cells were treated with pasteurized milk fractions.
  • Cells were stimulated with saliva or inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, TNF-α).
  • Macrophage polarization markers (IL-1, IL-8, ARG1, Chil3) and signaling pathways (p38, JNK) were analyzed.

Main Results:

  • Pasteurized milk significantly reduced inflammatory responses in macrophages.
  • Milk promoted the expression of M2 markers (ARG1, Chil3) in macrophages, similar to IL-4.
  • Milk-induced macrophage polarization occurred independently of p38 and JNK signaling pathways.

Conclusions:

  • Pasteurized milk, regardless of source, polarizes macrophages from an M1 to an M2 phenotype.
  • This milk-driven macrophage modulation suggests a protective role in the oral cavity.
  • Milk may enhance oral innate immunity by influencing macrophage polarization.