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Related Concept Videos

Genome Annotation and Assembly03:36

Genome Annotation and Assembly

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The genome refers to all of the genetic material in an organism. It can range from a few million base pairs in microbial cells to several billion base pairs in many eukaryotic organisms. Genome assembly refers to the process of taking the DNA sequencing data and putting it all back together in a correct order to create a close representation of the original genome. This is followed by the identification of functional elements on the newly assembled genome, a process called genome annotation.
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Export of Mitochondrial and Chloroplast Genes02:19

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A eukaryotic cell can have up to three different types of genetic systems: nuclear, mitochondrial, and chloroplast. During evolution, organelles have exported many genes to the nucleus; this transfer is still ongoing in some plant species. Approximately 18% of the Arabidopsis thaliana nuclear genome is thought to be derived from the chloroplast’s cyanobacterial ancestor, and around 75% of the yeast genome derived from the mitochondria’s bacterial ancestor. This export has occurred...
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Animal Mitochondrial Genetics02:59

Animal Mitochondrial Genetics

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Among all the organelles in an animal cell, only mitochondria have their own independent genomes. Animal mitochondrial DNA is a double-stranded, closed-circular molecule with around 20,000 base pairs. Mitochondrial DNA is unique in that one of its two strands, the heavy, or H, -strand is guanine rich, whereas the complementary strand is cytosine rich and called the light, or L, -strand. Compared to nuclear DNA, mitochondrial DNA has a very low percentage of non-coding regions and is marked by...
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Comparing Mitochondrial, Chloroplast, and Prokaryotic Genomes02:16

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The present-day mitochondrial and chloroplast genomes have retained some of the characteristics of their ancestral prokaryotes and also have acquired new attributes during their evolution within eukaryotic cells. Like prokaryotic genomes, mitochondrial and chloroplast genomes neither bind with histone-like proteins nor show complex packaging into chromosome-like structures, as observed in eukaryotes. Unlike mitotic cell divisions observed in eukaryotic cells, mitochondria and chloroplasts...
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FISH - Fluorescent In-situ Hybridization02:07

FISH - Fluorescent In-situ Hybridization

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Fluorescence in situ hybridization, or FISH, was developed in the early 1980s and has quickly become one of the most widely used techniques in cytogenetics. Labeled probes are used to bind complementary DNA or RNA sequences on a chromosome or in a region within a cell. Earlier, the probes could only be obtained by cloning or reverse transcription of a DNA template. Currently, the probe oligonucleotides can be synthesized synthetically. Additionally, with the advancement of optical techniques,...
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Tagging and Fusion Proteins01:24

Tagging and Fusion Proteins

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Proteins are involved in several cellular processes and biochemical reactions. Analyzing a specific protein of interest requires it to be isolated from the other proteins in the cell. This is achieved by overexpressing the specific gene in a suitable host to produce large quantities of the target protein. A tag or label is recombined with the gene to produce a fusion protein containing the target protein and the tag. The tags on these fusion proteins can then be used for easy detection and...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 16, 2025

Comprehensive Workflow for the Genome-wide Identification and Expression Meta-analysis of the ATL E3 Ubiquitin Ligase Gene Family in Grapevine
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MitoFlex: an efficient, high-performance toolkit for animal mitogenome assembly, annotation and visualization.

Jun-Yu Li1, Wei-Xuan Li1, An-Tai Wang1

  • 1Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresource and Eco-environmental Science, Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Marine Algal Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, PR China.

Bioinformatics (Oxford, England)
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Summary

MitoFlex, a new toolkit for animal mitochondrial genome analysis, offers efficient data filtering, assembly, and annotation. It demonstrates competitive performance against MitoZ in key metrics like gene recovery and speed.

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Area of Science:

  • Bioinformatics
  • Genomics
  • Computational Biology

Background:

  • Mitochondrial genomes are crucial for evolutionary and population studies.
  • Analyzing high-throughput sequencing data for mitochondrial genomes presents computational challenges.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce MitoFlex, a novel Linux-based toolkit for comprehensive animal mitochondrial genome analysis.
  • To evaluate MitoFlex's performance against existing tools like MitoZ.

Main Methods:

  • MitoFlex provides a complete workflow: raw data filtering, de novo assembly, and mitochondrial genome identification/annotation.
  • Performance comparison focused on protein-coding gene recovery, memory usage, and processing speed.

Main Results:

  • MitoFlex offers a complete pipeline for animal mitochondrial genome analysis.
  • Performance evaluation showed comparable or improved results against MitoZ.

Conclusions:

  • MitoFlex is a valuable and efficient toolkit for animal mitochondrial genome analysis.
  • The toolkit facilitates robust analysis of high-throughput sequencing data for mitochondrial genomes.