Genetics of recurrent pregnancy loss: a review

Human reproduction is remarkably inefficient; with pregnancy loss occurring in 10-30% of clinically recognized pregnancies. Of those, 3-5% of couples experience recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL), more than 50% of who never receive an underlying diagnosis. Herein, we review evidence that genetic changes, including pathogenic variant(s) in highly penetrant genes, may provide an explanation for a proportion of couples with pregnancy loss.

Genetic abnormalities that may predispose to pregnancy loss include chromosomal aneuploidy, copy number variants, single-gene changes and others. Although previously limited by the need for hypothesis-driven assessment, advancement of various molecular technologies have sheparded in the opportunity to identify molecular cause of highly heterogeneous conditions, including RPL. The identification of causative genetic aberrations associated with RPL demonstrates a promising area of further research.

The journey of human development from a single-cell zygote to a term infant is complex process. Early research into copy number variants and highly penetrant single-gene changes may provide diagnosis for a proportion of couples with RPL as well as inform genes critical for early human development.