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Updated: Nov 16, 2025
Assessing Spatial Memory Impairment in a Mouse Model of Traumatic Brain Injury Using a Radial Water Tread Maze
Published on: July 17, 2017
Post-traumatic brain injury antithrombin III recovers Morris water maze cognitive performance, improving cued and
Mohamed ElSaadani1, Syed M Ahmed, Christina Jacovides
1From the Division of Traumatology, Surgical Critical Care and Emergency Surgery (M.E., S.M.A., C.J., A.L., L.J.K., J.L.P.), and Department of Neurosurgery (V.E.J., D.H.S., J.L.P.), Center for Brain Injury and Repair, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
Background:
Neuroinflammation and cerebral edema development following severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) affect subsequent cognitive recovery. Independent of its anticoagulant effects, antithrombin III (AT-III) has been shown to block neurovascular inflammation after severe TBI, reduce cerebral endothelial-leukocyte interactions, and decrease blood-brain barrier permeability. We hypothesized that AT-III administration after TBI would improve post-TBI cognitive recovery, specifically enhancing learning, and memory.
Methods:
Fifteen CD1 male mice were randomized to undergo severe TBI (controlled cortical impact [CCI]: velocity, 6 m/s; depth, 1 mm; diameter, 3 mm) or sham craniotomy and received either intravenous AT-III (250 IU/kg) or vehicle (VEH/saline) 15 minutes and 24 hours post-TBI. Animals underwent Morris water maze testing from 6 to 14 days postinjury consisting of cued learning trials (platform visible), spatial learning trials (platform invisible, spatial cues present), and probe (memory) trials (platform removed, spatial cues present). Intergroup differences were assessed by the Kruskal-Wallis test (p < 0.05).
Results:
Morris water maze testing demonstrated that cumulative cued learning (overall mean time in seconds to reach the platform on days 6-8) was worst in CCI-VEH animals (26.1 ± 2.4 seconds) compared with CCI-AT-III counterparts (20.3 ± 2.1 seconds, p < 0.01). Cumulative noncued spatial learning was also worst in the CCI-VEH group (23.4 ± 1.8 seconds) but improved with AT-III (17.6 ± 1.5 seconds, p < 0.01). In probe trials, AT-III failed to significantly improve memory ability. Animals that underwent sham craniotomy demonstrated preserved learning and memory compared with all CCI counterparts (p < 0.05).
Conclusion:
Antithrombin III improves neurocognitive recovery weeks after TBI. This improvement is particularly related to improvement in learning but not memory function. Pharmacologic support of enhanced learning may support new skill acquisition or relearning to improve outcomes after TBI.
Level Of Evidence:
Therapeutic/care management, level II.
