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Related Concept Videos

First Law: Particles in One-dimensional Equilibrium01:10

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Newton's first law of motion states that a body at rest remains at rest, or if in motion, remains in motion at constant velocity, unless acted on by a net external force. It also states that there must be a cause for any change in velocity (a change in either magnitude or direction) to occur. This cause is a net external force. For example, consider what happens to an object sliding along a rough horizontal surface. The object quickly grinds to a halt, due to the net force of friction. If...
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Recall that a particle in equilibrium is one for which the external forces are balanced. Static equilibrium involves objects at rest, and dynamic equilibrium involves objects in motion without acceleration; but it is important to remember that these conditions are relative. For instance, an object may be at rest when viewed from one frame of reference, but that same object would appear to be in motion when viewed by someone moving at a constant velocity.
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Stokes' Law01:20

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Newtonian fluids exhibit a constant viscosity, meaning their shear stress and shear strain rate are directly proportional. This property ensures a predictable and stable response to applied forces, maintaining a linear relationship between force and flow. Examples include water, air, and light oils, consistently demonstrating this proportional behavior regardless of external conditions.
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When an object is in equilibrium, it is either at rest or moving with a constant velocity. There are two types of equilibrium: static and dynamic. Static equilibrium occurs when an object is at rest, while dynamic equilibrium occurs when an object is moving with a constant velocity. In both cases, there must be a balance of forces acting on the object.
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A rigid body is in static equilibrium when the net force and the net torque acting on the system are equal to zero.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 16, 2025

Experimental Measurement of Settling Velocity of Spherical Particles in Unconfined and Confined Surfactant-based Shear Thinning Viscoelastic Fluids
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Universality in Driven and Equilibrium Hard Sphere Liquid Dynamics.

Lucas L Treffenstädt1, Matthias Schmidt1

  • 1Theoretische Physik II, Physikalisches Institut, Universität Bayreuth, D-95447 Bayreuth, Germany.

Physical Review Letters
|February 19, 2021
PubMed
Summary

We found that the van Hove function

Area of Science:

  • Statistical Mechanics
  • Soft Matter Physics

Background:

  • The van Hove dynamical pair correlation function describes particle motion in complex fluids.
  • Understanding these dynamics is crucial for predicting material properties.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the forces governing the time evolution of the van Hove function.
  • To develop a predictive theory for these forces in hard sphere liquids.

Main Methods:

  • Derivation of a power functional theory.
  • Comparison with Brownian dynamics simulations.

Main Results:

  • The time evolution is governed by adiabatic and superadiabatic forces.
  • Superadiabatic forces include drag, viscous, and structural contributions.

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  • The theory quantitatively predicts universal force fields for hard sphere liquids.

    • Conclusions:

    • Adiabatic forces originate from free energy, while superadiabatic forces arise from the function's flow.
    • The developed theory accurately captures the dynamics of hard sphere liquids.