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Hedgehog Signaling Pathway

Hedgehog Signaling Pathway

The Hedgehog gene (Hh) was first discovered due to its control of the growth of disorganized, hair-like bristles phenotype in Drosophila, much like hedgehog spines. Hh plays a crucial role in the development of organs and the maintenance of homeostasis in both invertebrates and vertebrates. However, while Drosophila has only one Hh protein, mammals have multiple functional Hedgehog proteins - Sonic (Shh), Desert (Dhh), and Indian Hedgehog (Ihh). All of these homologous proteins have adapted to...

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Photocatalytic Hedgehog Particles for High Ionic Strength Environments.

Douglas G Montjoy, Harrison Hou, Joong Hwan Bahng¹

¹Department of Electrical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States.

|February 19, 2021

Summary

Microscale hedgehog particles (HPs) offer enhanced stability in high salt solutions, enabling precise control over photocatalytic reactions. Concentrated salts amplify electrical fields, significantly boosting yields of desired products and opening new pathways for redox reactions.

Keywords:

colloids electrocatalysis lignin noble-metal free photooxidation spiky particles

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Area of Science:

Materials Science
Catalysis
Physical Chemistry

Background:

High ionic strength typically causes aggregation in colloidal dispersions, hindering control over heterogeneous catalysis.
Controlling selectivity and yield in reactions involving charged species in high ionic strength media is challenging.

Purpose of the Study:

To demonstrate the stability and catalytic utility of microscale hedgehog particles (HPs) in high ionic strength solutions.
To show how HPs enable tuning of photocatalytic reactions by manipulating local electrical fields.

Main Methods:

Synthesized and characterized microscale hedgehog particles (HPs) with nanoscale spikes.
Investigated HP stability in aqueous and hydrophobic media with varying salt concentrations.
Optimized HP geometry for a model photocatalytic reaction and analyzed product yields under different ionic strengths.

Main Results:

HPs exhibited enhanced stability in monovalent/divalent salt solutions.
Concentrated salts amplified interfacial electrical fields, increasing photocatalytic yields by 6-35 times.
Electrical fields at the HP-media interface increased from 1.7 × 10^4 V/m to 8.5 × 10^7 V/m with increasing salinity.

Conclusions:

Microscale hedgehog particles provide a stable platform for catalysis in high ionic strength environments.
Ionic strength modulation of electrical fields at the HP-media interface offers a novel pathway for controlling redox reactions.
This approach has potential applications in environmental remediation of saline water.