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Related Concept Videos

Solvents01:12

Solvents

68.7K
A solvent is a substance, most often a liquid, that can dissolve other substances. Here, the substance being dissolved is called a solute. When a solvent and a solute combine, they form a solution - a homogenous mixture of both the solvent and the solute. Water is a universal biological solvent. Its polar structure allows it to dissolve many other polar compounds. The ability of water to dissolve is governed by a balance between water molecules binding to each other and binding to the solute.
A...
68.7K
Intermolecular Forces in Solutions02:28

Intermolecular Forces in Solutions

37.0K
The formation of a solution is an example of a spontaneous process, a process that occurs under specified conditions without energy from some external source.
When the strengths of the intermolecular forces of attraction between solute and solvent species in a solution are no different than those present in the separated components, the solution is formed with no accompanying energy change. Such a solution is called an ideal solution. A mixture of ideal gases (or gases such as helium and argon,...
37.0K
Molecular and Ionic Solids02:54

Molecular and Ionic Solids

19.1K
Crystalline solids are divided into four types: molecular, ionic, metallic, and covalent network based on the type of constituent units and their interparticle interactions.
Molecular Solids
Molecular crystalline solids, such as ice, sucrose (table sugar), and iodine, are solids that are composed of neutral molecules as their constituent units. These molecules are held together by weak intermolecular forces such as London dispersion forces, dipole-dipole interactions, or hydrogen bonds, which...
19.1K
Titration in Nonaqueous Solvents01:16

Titration in Nonaqueous Solvents

1.2K
Most acid-base titrations are performed in an aqueous medium. In aqueous titrations, water competes with weaker acids or bases for proton donation or acceptance, leading to ambiguous endpoints in the titration curve. Water also affects the partial ionization of weak acids or bases. For example, water accepts a proton from acetic acid to form hydronium and acetate ions. The hydronium ion formed is a stronger acid than acetic acid, and the acetate ion is a stronger base than water. As a result,...
1.2K
Solubility03:00

Solubility

20.1K
Solution, Solubility, and Solubility Equilibrium
A solution is a homogeneous mixture composed of a solvent, the major component, and a solute, the minor component. The physical state of a solution—solid, liquid, or gas—is typically the same as that of the solvent. Solute concentrations are often described with qualitative terms such as dilute (of relatively low concentration) and concentrated (of relatively high concentration).
In a solution, the solute particles (molecules,...
20.1K
Solubility of Ionic Compounds02:55

Solubility of Ionic Compounds

66.9K
Solubility is the measure of the maximum amount of solute that can be dissolved in a given quantity of solvent at a given temperature and pressure. Solubility is usually measured in molarity (M) or moles per liter (mol/L). A compound is termed soluble if it dissolves in water.
66.9K

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Updated: Nov 16, 2025

Development, Characterization, and Evaluation of CAGE-based Ionic Liquid Systems for Transdermal Delivery
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Development, Characterization, and Evaluation of CAGE-based Ionic Liquid Systems for Transdermal Delivery

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Ionic liquids: "normal" solvents or nanostructured fluids?

Salvatore Marullo1, Francesca D'Anna1, Carla Rizzo1

  • 1Università degli Studi di Palermo, Dipartimento STEBICEF, Viale delle Scienze, Ed. 17, 90128 Palermo, Italy. francesca.danna@unipa.it.

Organic & Biomolecular Chemistry
|February 19, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Ionic liquids (ILs) influence organic reactions by affecting reactivity and rates. This review explores how IL bulk polarity and nanostructure impact chemical processes, guiding future research.

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Area of Science:

  • Green Chemistry
  • Physical Chemistry
  • Organic Chemistry

Background:

  • Ionic liquids (ILs) are versatile, non-conventional solvents with growing importance in chemical research.
  • Understanding the impact of ILs on organic reactivity is crucial for optimizing chemical processes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review literature from 2010 to present on the influence of ILs on organic reactivity and reaction rates.
  • To present two primary theoretical frameworks explaining IL solvent effects: bulk polarity and nanostructure.
  • To cover studies on IL mixtures and supramolecular catalysis in ILs.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of scientific publications from 2010 onwards.
  • Analysis of studies explaining IL solvent effects through bulk polarity and linear solvation energy relationships.
  • Examination of research treating ILs as nanostructured fluids.
  • Inclusion of studies on IL mixtures and supramolecular catalysis.

Main Results:

  • ILs significantly alter organic reactivity and reaction rates through their unique solvent properties.
  • Two main mechanistic viewpoints explain IL effects: bulk polarity/LSER and nanostructure.
  • IL mixtures and supramolecular catalysis in ILs are also key areas of investigation.

Conclusions:

  • ILs offer tunable environments that profoundly affect organic transformations.
  • The interplay between IL bulk properties and nanostructure dictates their influence on reactivity.
  • This review provides a framework for future research on ILs in organic synthesis and catalysis.