Droplet Interfacial Tensions and Phase Transitions Measured in Microfluidic Channels

Measurements of droplet phase and interfacial tension (IFT) are important in the fields of atmospheric aerosols and emulsion science. Bulk macroscale property measurements with similar constituents cannot capture the effect of microscopic length scales and highly curved surfaces on the transport characteristics and heterogeneous chemistry typical in these applications. Instead, microscale droplet measurements ensure properties are measured at the relevant length scale. With recent advances in microfluidics, customized multiphase fluid flows can be created in channels for the manipulation and observation of microscale droplets in an enclosed setting without the need for large and expensive control systems. In this review, we discuss the applications of different physical principles at the microscale and corresponding microfluidic approaches for the measurement of droplet phase state, viscosity, and IFT.