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Related Concept Videos

Seizures: Classification01:13

Seizures: Classification

911
Epilepsy is primarily characterized by unpredictable seizures, either provoked by an identifiable factor, such as injury or illness, or unprovoked, occurring spontaneously without apparent cause.
Seizures are typically classified into two main categories: focal and generalized seizures.
Focal Seizures
Focal seizures originate from specific regions of the brain. These seizures are further sub-classified into two types:
911
REM Sleep Behavior Disorder01:15

REM Sleep Behavior Disorder

808
REM Sleep Behavior Disorder (RBD) is a sleep disorder characterized by the absence of muscle paralysis that normally occurs during the REM phase of sleep. This absence allows individuals to physically act out their dreams, which are often vivid and disturbing. Common behaviors exhibited during episodes include kicking, punching, and yelling. These actions can be dangerous, potentially leading to injuries for the person with RBD or their bed partner.
RBD is significantly associated with...
808
Panic Disorder01:27

Panic Disorder

338
Panic disorder is an anxiety disorder characterized by recurrent and sudden minutes-long episodes of intense fear, known as panic attacks. These attacks may feel like heart attacks and often happen without warning or a specific cause. They can include symptoms such as rapid heart rate, shortness of breath, chest pain, trembling, sweating, dizziness, and a sense of helplessness. During a panic attack, individuals may feel as though they are experiencing a heart attack or are in a...
338
Restless Leg Syndrome and Night Terrors01:27

Restless Leg Syndrome and Night Terrors

328
Restless Leg Syndrome (RLS), also known as Willis-Ekbom disease, is a neurological disorder characterized by an uncontrollable urge to move the legs due to uncomfortable sensations. These sensations typically occur during periods of rest or inactivity, particularly when lying down or sitting, and can severely disrupt sleep.
The exact cause of RLS is not fully understood, but it is believed to involve dopamine, a neurotransmitter that helps regulate muscle movement. Imbalances in dopamine levels...
328
Nightmares and Night Terrors01:18

Nightmares and Night Terrors

261
Nightmares and night terrors represent two distinct types of sleep disturbances that differ in timing, characteristics, and the sleeper's recall of the event. Nightmares are vivid, disturbing dreams that usually awaken the sleeper from REM sleep, a stage of sleep where brain activity is high, and dreams are most frequent. Upon awakening, individuals often have detailed recollections of their nightmares, which can include themes of threats to survival, security, or self-esteem.
Nightmares...
261
Disorders of the Autonomic Nervous System01:18

Disorders of the Autonomic Nervous System

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The autonomic nervous system (ANS) is an intricate network of nerves that controls functions such as the regulation of heart rate, digestion, and blood pressure regulation. When this system malfunctions, it can lead to various disorders that affect multiple bodily functions. One common feature of many autonomic disorders is the involvement of smooth blood vessels, which play a crucial role in regulating blood flow throughout the body.
Raynaud's disease, also known as Raynaud's...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 16, 2025

Author Spotlight: Advancing Pediatric Epilepsy Surgery in Children Through Novel Biomarkers and Enhanced Localization
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Shuddering attacks: A benign phenomenon in children.

Jessie J Wang, Ran D Goldman

    Canadian Family Physician Medecin De Famille Canadien
    |February 20, 2021
    PubMed
    Summary

    Shuddering attacks are benign, involuntary movements in children that do not involve loss of consciousness. These episodes are distinct from epilepsy and do not require antiepileptic medications for treatment.

    Area of Science:

    • Pediatric Neurology
    • Movement Disorders

    Background:

    • Shuddering attacks present as brief, involuntary movements of the head and upper extremities in young children.
    • Parents often present with concerns of seizures due to the nature of these episodes.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To differentiate shuddering attacks from epileptic seizures in pediatric patients.
    • To provide guidance on the appropriate management and prognosis of shuddering attacks.

    Main Methods:

    • Clinical observation of episodic movements in a 2-year-old child.
    • Neurological examination and electroencephalogram (EEG) to assess for epilepsy.

    Main Results:

    • The child was diagnosed with shuddering attacks, characterized by neck stiffening and shoulder/arm shivering lasting 4-5 seconds.

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  • Normal neurological examination and EEG findings confirmed the benign nature of the condition.
  • Shuddering attacks are distinct from epilepsy and do not respond to antiepileptic drugs.

    • Conclusions:

    • Shuddering attacks are a benign phenomenon in children that require no medical intervention.
    • Reassurance of parents is key, as these attacks decrease in frequency and resolve spontaneously with age.
    • Antiepileptic medications are not indicated for shuddering attacks.